移民史・移民問題、少数民族、人種問題 — 全 下位分類

This open access book examines how emerging border technologies such as AI-driven risk scoring, autonomous surveillance towers, biometric identity systems, predictive analytics, and algorithmic decision tools reshape the criminalization and securitization of migration. Positioned at the intersection of criminology, critical migration studies, and socio-technical analysis, this book argues that AI and other autonomous surveillance technologies do not simply “manage” migration: instead, these tools actively produce racialized suspicion, legitimize expanded policing, and enable new forms of pre-emptive control over people-on-the-move, often leading to adverse outcomes including discrimination, racism, and even death. The term border necrotechnics?describes the assemblage of automated systems, infrastructures, and practices through which states and corporations decide which lives are rendered killable, deportable, or indefinitely surveilled at and beyond the border.

Drawing on interdisciplinary scholarship, this book situates border AI and surveillance within a broader genealogy of punishment, racialized security practices, and the policing of global mobility. The author argues that AI systems automate historical logics of exclusion, embedding them in digital infrastructures that appear neutral yet replicate deep structural inequalities. Through ethnographic interviews and field observations it offers rare insight into how people experiencing forced displacement encounter emerging surveillance technologies firsthand.

This open access book examines Turkish and Kurdish settlement in Italy, an under-studied "second-best destination" within Europe's stratified mobility regime. Centering a context long overshadowed by Northern European hubs, it shows how border governance, legal status, segmented labour markets, and welfare arrangements combine to shape migrant lives at the margins of the continent's more resourced receiving societies. Drawing on decade-long ethnographic fieldwork and more than 100 interviews with families and second-generation young adults, the book traces trajectories of arrival, through asylum, irregular transit, family reunification, and work networks, and the gradual consolidation of lives in which onward-migration remains a live horizon.

Through the concepts of "learning to stay" and "diasporic marginalities," the analysis moves between intimate family routines and wider transnational social fields. It examines gendered labor, religious and associational infrastructures, and the digital comparisons through which migrants position Italy against more established diasporic centers in Europe. Destinations, the book argues, are structurally produced positions, not chosen endpoints, a reframing that opens new ground for understanding how precarity, aspiration, and belonging are negotiated across mobile lives.

The book speaks to scholars and students in the sociology of migration, diaspora studies, and transnational studies, as well as practitioners working on integration policy, legal precarity, and everyday bordering.

This open access volume poses the question of what it means to be nonreligious in a society where religion significantly shapes public institutions, legal frameworks, and societal norms. What expectations, dilemmas, and constraints emerge? And how do those who fall outside the religious mainstream adapt to these challenges? Answering these questions, this long-term ethnographic study illuminates the complexities of being part of a nonreligious minority in contemporary Morocco. Grounded in over a hundred life-story interviews with young adults who self-identify as atheist, agnostic, or cultural Muslim, it weaves together personal trajectories with theoretical insights from minority studies, queer theory, and feminist scholarship.?

While this case study focuses on Morocco, its findings form part of a broader global discussion on nonreligion. Since the 2010s, nonreligious views have experienced a surge across many Muslim-majority countries, particularly among the tech-savvy urban youth. Nevertheless, distancing oneself from Islam remains contested and carries societal, professional, and institutional repercussions. ?Against this backdrop, the book follows the diverse ways nonreligious Moroccans try to navigate their predominantly Muslim environment. It explores the promises and limitations of nonreligious activism, the importance of compromises and maintaining relationships with religious family and friends, as well as building connections with other nonreligious individuals, the implications of leading a ‘double life’, and the motives behind moving abroad.?

By examining these responses from an intersectional perspective, the book offers insights into common minority responses, such as activism, adaptation, concealment, allyship, and migration. This makes it an important read for anthropologists, sociologists, human geographers, and feminist and postcolonial scholars who explore similar themes. At the same time, this work will be of particular relevance to students, researchers, and policymakers with a regional interest in Muslim-majority contexts, such as Morocco and anyone interested in questions of (non)religion and minority dynamics.

This book asks what might be obscured by analyses that present long-term refugee camps in the Global South as spaces of containment where refugees are reduced to “bare life”.

Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork with multiple generations of Palestinian refugees inhabiting a camp located in the southern suburbs of Beirut, the book proposes a critical political economic framework that foregrounds the precarious labour of refugee women and men.

The book argues that a focus on refugee labour problematizes the distinction between forced and voluntary migration that came to be institutionalized in the post-World War Two era. It also facilitates analysis of the particular ways in which a given refugee camp is integrated into the global capitalist economy.

The oral histories of multiple generations are analyzed in order to reach a better understanding of how the experiences of this particular group of Palestinian camp refugee women and men have been shaped by:

• Informal urbanization
• The historic intertwining of sectarianism and capitalism in Lebanon
• The international and local provision of humanitarian aid
• Palestinian camp refugees’ circular migrations to other countries in the region?

The final chapter of the book analyses the ways in which these refugees’ production and consumption of social media is bound up with their thwarted political and economic aspirations, couched in the discourse of progress and its moral consequences.

This book explores how perceived discrimination and acculturation affect social capital and psychological capital of Middle Eastern immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia and how these forms of capital, in turn, influence their firm performance. It proposes that higher level of acculturation enhance both social connections beyond ethnic networks and individual psychological resources. The book also reveals that perceive discrimination decreases immigrant entrepreneurs’ social engagement beyond their immigrant communities, weakening their available social support and perceived social capital. The authors highlight the importance of social capital and psychological capital in influencing firm performance among immigrant entrepreneurs. The authors also highlight the need for policies that strengthen social support, reduced discrimination (despite legal protections), and assist immigrant entrepreneurs build and leverage psychological capital, fostering greater business success. This book is a valuable resource for academics, scholars, students, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers in immigrant entrepreneurship and migration research.

This open access book provides a critical exploration of how public services, particularly school-related services, shape the ability of immigrant communities to exercise their fundamental rights in the city. It offers a methodological, evidence-based pathway to assess the enabling capacity of these services, especially in digitally mediated environments. Focusing on services as key interfaces between citizens and their rights, the book examines how barriers in access, comprehension, and interaction disproportionately affect vulnerable users, limiting their full participation in urban life. By centering the experiences of immigrant parents and their interactions with school procedures, it highlights the extent to which public services can enable or hinder processes of social and educational integration. At the heart of the book is the application of the Mediation Grammar (MG), a user-based service quality standard developed within the H2020 easyRights project. The MG is used as both an analytical and evaluative framework to assess the “empowerment gaps” that arise when users access and use public services. These gaps are examined through three dimensions essential to language accessibility, information adequacy, and rights actualisation, providing an overall evaluation of the enabling capacity of services from the perspective of service users and their ability to exercise their rights in the city.

From the final decades of US slavery to the present, a powerful and illuminating history of a profound inequity: the special burden of infant care and loss experienced by Black women.

In the United States, Black infants are far less likely than white infants to survive their first year of life. Underlying this predicament is a history of profound loss and persistent striving, which has durably shaped Black life in America. Following generations of mothers, caregivers, laborers, and activists from the final decades of slavery to the present, Perilous Passages chronicles the intimate practices and collective strategies Black communities created and relied upon to sustain early life threatened by disease, inadequate medical care, and racialized harm.

Perilous Passages examines nineteenth-century domestic care practices that carried families through the violence of slavery and war, and traces Black eugenic ideas, the efforts of various grassroots movements, and myths and realities surrounding the 1980s panic over “crack babies.” Health professionals, legal officials, and scientific experts exerted pressure, sometimes directly?as in antimidwifery campaigns?and sometimes more subtly, through life insurance practices that devalued Black life. Wangui Muigai shows that at every turn, authorities recast infant deaths as the fault of Black women, with ongoing impact on birthing experiences and outcomes. Still, Black women and their communities have always done more than bear loss. They have produced vital knowledge about its causes, trained in specialized care, developed networks of cradle-to-grave support, and organized to reform society in ways that safeguard children.

Centering Black women’s experiences, Perilous Passages insists on visceral confrontation with the deadliness of American racism while also offering a powerful account of what makes life possible.

This book brings together literary analysis, womanist theology, Black feminist ecologies, and decolonial development theory to establish a new methodological framework for interpreting sustainability through African diasporic literature. At a time when global development agendas frequently reduce sustainability to technocratic interventions and data metrics, this monograph highlights the power of literature as a site of critical engagement and ethical reimagination. Ecowomanist literary praxis?the aesthetic, spiritual, and political labor of African diasporic women’s writing?challenges the marginalization of underrepresented communities within dominant environmental discourses. Spanning genres and geographies including the speculative fiction of Octavia E. Butler and the postcolonial ecopoetics of Jamaica Kincade, the book argues that these creative works cultivate ethical orientations and political consciousness that can meaningfully inform more inclusive and accountable understandings of sustainability and global justice.

This open access book examines the romantic activism of ordinary women who, by being in long-term ethnically and racially ‘mixed' romantic relationships between the 1960s and 1980s, defied the social and cultural expectations of their families, communities and British society. It provides an alternative history of twentieth-century British love and sexualities using Leicester, one of the first ‘super-diverse' cities in Britain, as a case-study. New oral life-histories describe everyday experiences of childhood, becoming an adult and roles such as lover, wife and mother. Across five thematic chapters that explore choosing a romantic partner, dating in the nascent multicultural city, racism and resistance, female respectability and changing and developing British identities, the women's voices enable an authentic reimagining of living through the social and cultural transitions of a period of British history renowned for problematic struggles with gender, race, equality and diversity. Despite their varied cultural backgrounds, common themes relating to gender and race thread through the women's experiences. Memories and reflections illustrate the historical opportunities and challenges of the women's romantic choices and show how they confronted social and cultural norms and lived with the consequences. They reveal how differential engagement with cultural difference combined with resourcefulness and resilience resulted in the women's reshaping of cultural practices and the creation of new cultural identities. These pioneering women facilitated demographic change processes that were fundamental to the origins of Leicester's trailblazing ‘everyday' multiculturalism; a transformational development that questioned and reworked what it meant to be British in the later twentieth century.

Two eminent historians offer a groundbreaking study of the origins of race in early modern Western Europe, tracing its development through Enlightenment justifications of global hierarchy and colonization.

Race is often thought of as an invention of the eighteenth century. In this ambitious book, the first to provide a complete origin story of race, Jean-Frederic Schaub and Silvia Sebastiani trouble that notion, tracing the concept of race back to the roots of the Renaissance and following its evolution in succeeding centuries. Crucially, they show how race, racialization, and antisemitism developed alongside?rather than despite?the political and scientific advances of the period. Major Enlightenment thinkers advanced universalism while also taking part in debates about human origins, miscegenation, and the genealogy of race, at once advocating for equality and dividing human beings into rigid hierarchies.

Beginning with early modern conceptions of “blood purity” among nobles, Schaub and Sebastiani reveal how supposed impurity developed into an elaborate system of classification that justified notions of racial superiority. Initially, impurity was exemplified by Jewish and Muslim conversos in Iberia; later, impurity became a trait associated with New World populations of mixed Spanish, African, and Indigenous ancestry. Examining the creation of racial markers, Schaub and Sebastiani demonstrate how emerging demarcations and structures of belonging were implemented across empires, often with ambiguity or contradictions.

Covering more than three hundred years of transatlantic history and drawing on diverse sources, including scientific papers, artworks, and philosophical treatises, The Western Idea of Race is a revelatory account. It lays bare one of the key foundations of modern social inequality.

Subempire's Embrace is the first monograph to examine South Korea's refugee policy and discourse from the 1950s to the present. Nora Kim, a sociologist, traces how U.S.-led wars have shaped the country's refugee landscape from Korean War refugees and Vietnamese refugees to Yemeni asylum seekers, Karen resettlement refugees, Afghan evacuees, and North Korean defectors.

Building on and advancing critical refugee studies, the book introduces the concept of the "subempire" to argue that U.S. imperialism relies on subordinate empires to sustain its hegemony in Asia. It shows how war functions dually: producing refugees and enabling (sub)imperial expansion. South Korea's path exemplifies this logic-emerging from an aid recipient during the Korean War to a subimperial nation during the Vietnam War, and later extending military, political, and economic influence into the Middle East and Central Asia during the war in Afghanistan. Each war has generated new categories of refugees and new rationales for their reception.

At its conceptual core, Subempire's Embrace theorizes refugee hosting as an embrace, an exercise of sovereign power that operates through both law and violence. This framework illuminates how South Korea's legal apparatus and war-driven interventions jointly shape its authority to determine who counts as a refugee and how they are "embraced." The book identifies five modalities of embrace, Militarized, Surrogate, Disenchanted, Calculated, and Ambivalent; each reflecting a historical moment in South Korea's evolving relationship with empire and humanitarianism.

Ultimately, Subempire's Embrace reveals how the formation of the U.S. hegemony and the rise of the neoliberal global order have together produced a "disenchanted" refugee landscape, where refugees have shifted from Cold War symbols of anti-communism to depoliticized objects of humanitarian management. By situating South Korea within the networks of empire and war, the book redefines the geopolitics of refugee reception in contemporary Asia.

This book examines how migration and migrant work are governed, lived and understood beyond major cities. Using Australia as a settler-colonial immigration country with extensive regional migration policies, the book offers a critical migration sociology of regional migration as both a policy project and a social space. It approaches regional migration at three levels: as everyday practice shaped by migrants, refugees, employers, service providers and long-term residents; as a governance arena structured by differentiated visa regimes, rights and responsibilities; and as an object of knowledge produced across disciplines and institutions. Across eight chapters, the book maps key policy settings shaping regional migration and migrant work, reviews social-scientific research on regional migration, refugee settlement and precarious labour, and traces critiques of economistic rationales in migration governance. Drawing on qualitative research conducted between 2010 and 2023 in regional Victorian towns, it analyses how stakeholders narrate the “value” of migrants, how attraction and retention are framed, and how onward mobility?often labelled “secondary migration”?is negotiated across life course, gender, racialisation and place-based opportunity structures. The book also examines how multiculturalism is debated and practised in regional communities, including the strategic mobilisation of economic arguments “from below”.

By placing migrant work, belonging, rural and regional change, and the governance of mobility in dialogue, this book is designed for scholars and students in migration studies, sociology, labour studies, human geography, refugee studies, rural studies and public policy, as well as practitioners concerned with regional settlement and workforce regulation.

This book explores the relationship between onward migration and its impact on language practices, multilingual repertoires, and education, examining how complex migration trajectories shape migrants' linguistic experiences and educational pathways. It addresses a gap in research on onward migration by foregrounding its sociolinguistic and educational dimensions, which have received less attention than its social, economic, and demographic aspects.

Bringing together researchers from the UK, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, and Algeria, the volume examines onward migration across diverse European and international contexts. It highlights the varied roles of countries within migration trajectories: Italy, Portugal, and Spain often function as intermediate destinations, while the UK, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Canada more frequently serve as final destinations, although these patterns are not fixed.

Drawing on diverse theoretical and methodological approaches, the chapters examine implications for language maintenance and shift, multilingualism, education, language policies, and transnational practices. This timely volume contributes to sociolinguistics, multilingualism, migration studies, and education research.

This book presents a comparative analysis of immigration and immigrants in Canada and the United States. Analysis of immigrants refers to a comparative study of recent immigrant arrivals and the foreign-born in both Canada and the United States using an applied demographic framework. An applied demographic framework differs from a conventional demographic analysis by highlighting practical and policy issues related to three specific topics: size and change in a population; the demographic, social, economic, and cultural composition of the population; and the geographic distribution of the population.

The authors examine the ways in which immigration challenges are addressed and the effects that they have on the social and economic landscape of each country. By comparing the two countries side by side, it makes clearer how policy choices are made and their possible outcomes. A comparison of the two countries also contributes important knowledge on the role of immigration policies on immigration and immigrant integration.

By presenting temporal and comparative analysis, the research advances scholarly knowledge on immigration policies and ?policy analysis in a broad range of social science fields, including demography, sociology, public policy, political science, and regional science.

As Poland transitions from a country of emigration to a key destination for foreign workers, its labour market faces new pressures?and so do its social partners. Employers, Trade Unions and Migration in Poland offers the first in-depth analysis of how Polish trade unions and employer organisations have responded to labour migration between 2016 and 2024. Drawing on interviews, policy analysis, and discourse studies, Agnieszka Kulesa explores how economic needs, political shifts, and public debates have shaped their positions. While employers advocate for liberal migration policies to address labour shortages, trade unions balance concerns over social dumping with efforts to protect migrant workers. Set against the backdrop of COVID-19, the war in Ukraine, and evolving EU frameworks, this timely study provides essential insights into migration governance in Central and Eastern Europe. It is a vital resource for scholars, students, and policymakers in migration studies, labour economics, and industrial relations.

This book examines how the governance of the “unruly Roma” has been historically constructed as the imagined opposite of European ideals such as civilization, progress, and sedentary life. Drawing on Foucault’s concept of governmentalities, it traces the shifting strategies and technologies of power deployed across imperial, socialist, and post-socialist regimes to manage Roma populations and their representation as Europe’s internal Other. In contrast to policy-centric, Roma-centric, or social movement-focused scholarship, this study offers an alternative perspective by foregrounding Europe itself as the object of analysis and examining how changing political rationalities, governing instruments, and forms of expertise have shaped interventions directed at Roma populations. Engaging with debates on poverty governance, racialization, and urban neoliberalism, the book employs a Strategic Action Field (SAF) framework to explore the governance of “Gypsy Urban Areas” amid processes of gentrification and urban transformation in Romanian and Eastern European cities.

While the first edition analysed the historical roots of a racialized Chinese nationalism and its contemporary development, reflected in official ideology, popular culture as well as its perceptions of China in the world, the second edition will add a new chapter focusing on how the genetic science has impacted on national and individual identities in Taiwan and China with implications to the cross-strait relations. It is a concrete example of the new development of the discourse embedded in scientific discussions in mainland China. This new edition shows that, after debunking the fossil-based paleoanthropological myth of Peking Man as the ancestor of the Chinese people, a genetically based national myth has been constructed, showing that a bloodline unites China. It will also include a section discussing how the Chinese party-state sponsors interdisciplinary projects to establish China's status as one of the oldest civilizations with a unique and inherent geopolitical tradition of centralized, unified, multi-regional, and multi-ethnic statehood. The book's last chapter expands on how the CCP’s class-based identity politics shares features with race-based identity politics in world history, with a similar structure and function in both systems’ rhetoric and operations.

A pioneering classicist explores how ancient Greeks and Romans understood their own racial and ethnic identities, offering lessons for our increasingly divided world today

In modern times, people have interpreted and misinterpreted the history, literature, art, architecture, and archaeology of ancient Greece and Rome to lend authority to their own ideas of race and ethnicity. The ancient Greeks and Romans, however, did not adhere to modern racial categories. They were incredibly diverse: they lived on three continents, had various skin colors, and spoke multiple languages.

Rebecca Futo Kennedy traces how ancient Greeks and Romans engaged with the concepts of race and ethnicity and examines how the ancients attempted to understand group identities. While modern race and ancient ways of understanding human variation share many characteristics, including underlying prejudices and fears, where they differ can offer new ways to think about how we interact and live together as humans in an increasingly global society. Modern claims to the legacy of the ancient Greeks and Romans have shaped national identities, informed foreign policy decisions, fueled wars, and driven imperialism and genocide. These uses of ancient history in the present provide ample reasons for why the study of ancient Greece and Rome still matters.

This book studies the role of the media in the construction of political knowledge of young Turkish immigrants within their egocentric networks as a part of their integration process in Germany. A modern approach to media ecology theory is applied in this study to explore young immigrants' media environments. In this book, multiple theoretical perspectives on the debated terms of migration, integration, and political knowledge have been comprehensively examined and presented. A qualitative research method with semi-structured interviews was applied to collect the data for this study. In addition, a qualitative egocentric network approach has been applied to collect data on the egocentric networks of young immigrants. The author presents several key findings that show young immigrants commonly exist in entertainment-oriented, connection-oriented, and information-seeking media environments. Although there are significant changes in the young immigrants' media environments in respect of habitual, platform-based, and practical behavioral changes, the young immigrants' media environments are completely different from their elders.?Moreover, technological changes or specific features of digital technologies impact the young immigrants' lifestyles, shaping their media environments.

The handbook introduces unmigration as a critical new framework challenging traditional migration theories and redefining the relationship between mobility and nation-building.

It examines the motivations behind return migration, from democratization and economic stabilization to shifting national identities. It explores how returnees contribute to their home countries by transferring skills, capital, and ideas?while also addressing reintegration challenges in rapidly evolving societies. The book delves into the complex gendered, economic, and social impacts of return migration, highlighting both opportunities and tensions that emerge as migrants re-enter local economies and communities.

Bridging migration studies, political economy, and development theory, this book offers a rigorous, interdisciplinary analysis of a trend that is reshaping global mobility, and by providing a crucial roadmap for understanding the role of return migration in the global development.

This open access book offers new insights on how migration researchers' work is shaped by their countries' socio-political histories; their ideological and theoretical orientations; workplace structures and cultures; conceptual and linguistic variation; and their knowledge, skills, and habits of mind. While there is ample agreement on the value of international collaborative research on migration there are few granular descriptions of how this work is initiated and managed, how roles and relationships are negotiated, and what contextual factors facilitate or impede the collaboration. This book helps scholars in the Global North and the Global South, as well as research administrators and funding agencies, develop a more nuanced understanding of international collaborative research.

Rethinking Antiracism: Case Studies, Practices and Politics brings together case studies that explore the changing approaches to antiracism across diverse national and institutional contexts. As contemporary debates about antiracism have transformed over the past decade, this volume offers critical reflection on how we conceptualise antiracism and implement it in practice.

Drawing on research from Lebanon, Germany, Brazil, Finland, the UK, and beyond, the chapters examine antiracist strategies across multiple domains and explore detailed accounts of specific policies and practices highlighting the importance of locating policies and practices within their broader social and political orbit. Contributors analyse how highly educated migrants respond to racism, how podcast storytelling challenges dominant narratives, and how colour-blind policies perpetuate racial stratification. The volume also explores memory politics, public scholarship, and the lifecycles of antiracist activism following the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests.

This collection along with its companion volume, The Politics of Antiracism provide essential insights for understanding the complexities, contradictions, and possibilities of contemporary antiracism. The articles included in this book were previously published in a themed issue of Ethnic and Racial Studies.

This book illuminates the underexamined histories and lived experiences of Baha’i women in Iran, tracing their engagement with structures of exclusion, resistance, and social transformation from the nineteenth century to the present. Situating these narratives within the longue duree of Iranian sociopolitical change, the book explores how religious marginalization and gendered inequality intersect to shape both constraints and possibilities for agency.
Combining historical analysis with close attention to lived experience, this study foregrounds voices that have remained largely absent from both nationalist historiography and dominant feminist accounts. In doing so, it highlights how Baha’i women have negotiated complex forms of belonging while contributing to broader processes of social and political change, including those reflected in the contemporary Woman, Life, Freedom movement.
By placing these experiences in dialogue with debates on social movements, minority rights, and political participation, the book offers a nuanced rethinking of agency under conditions of constraint. Both analytically rigorous and accessible, this work will engage scholars of gender and Middle Eastern studies while inviting a wider readership to reconsider the role of marginalized actors in shaping modern Iran.