社会福祉・社会保障 — 全 下位分類

This book features a global, historical analysis of the changes and continuities in one of society's basic functions: seeking to protect itself from disease.

Hygiene offers an important lens for major aspects of world and comparative history. The volume explores the ways different regions and major religions approached hygiene both before modern times and through the present with the more recent uses of germ theory. Topics in "premodern" hygiene include toilet practices, remarkably varied views about bathing, and different levels of commitment to investments in hygiene infrastructure. The "sanitary revolution" of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries forms a major dividing line in the book, including the variations introduced by developments like colonialism or communism and various forms of resistance to "modern" hygiene. The book links current, often bitter, debates about hygiene, around practices such as masking, both to the larger history and to recent issues like COVID-19.

Hygiene in World History is an accessible overview aimed at undergraduate and non-specialist readers interested in world history, public health, and the history of health and disease.

This book provides a comprehensive insight into health disparities in both the United States and China. It offers valuable perspectives on public health and policy through an examination of the spatial, social, and environmental dimensions of health disparities.

Through comparative analysis of two distinct healthcare systems, economic conditions, and cultural contexts, the book offers a thorough assessment of how policies and social structures influence public health outcomes. It examines factors such as socioeconomic status, social capital, community, social and physical environments, healthcare systems, and health policies. The book adopts an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on key theoretical frameworks such as socio-ecological model, social determinants of health (SDOH), and social capital theory. It integrates geospatial, statistical, and survey analyses and includes a series of case studies to explore health disparities.

This book will be of interest to students and researchers in medical geography, medical sociology, and public health, as well as professionals and policy makers who address spatial, social, and environmental disparities.

This book responds to the need for a comprehensive and detailed theoretical framework and systemic design approaches to improve mental, physical, social, behavioral, and ecological health in urban environments.

Although rapid urban development has created enormous economic and social value, it has also brought problems that have posed serious threats to the health of urban residents. Healthy Landscapes begins by reviewing practical experience, as well as theoretical and scientific evidence, from several related disciplines around the world. This is used to construct a provisional framework consisting of ten theoretical pathways for the environment to promote mental, physical,social, behavioral, and ecological health: Relieving mental stress; restoring direct attention; promoting environmental preference; promoting sublime and transcendent perceptions; promoting active lifestyles; preventing the spread of infectious diseases; promoting ecological services; enhancing social support; promoting the sense of belonging; and improving the sense of security. From these 24 theoretical pathways, the authors go on to identify 67 critical environmental characteristics for creating healthy communities, which are used to inform the design guidelines they go on to apply to community environment scenarios.

This book will be an invaluable resource for students of landscape architectural design, architecture, and urban design. It will also be an essential tool for design professionals and urban administrators who want a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental theories of healthy communities with design guidelines supported by scientific evidence.

Putting forward a new approach to the study of corrections, this book draws together public health and corrections and explores the importance of this nexus.

Presenting a theoretical overview of relevant sociological and public health theories, the book introduces basic concepts, terminology, analytical frameworks, and theories, covering major issues in the domain of public health, public safety, and criminal justice. Addressing incarcerated population health needs in correctional setting, it provides an accessible and panoramic overview of the policy impact of laws on the health of incarcerated individuals. In doing so, the book investigates a variety of topics, including preincarceration and prison-generated trauma, chronic health issues, contagious infectious diseases, and aging in the system. The focus is on four "special-needs populations": (1) women's health; (2) mental illness among inmates; (3) elderly and geriatric inmates; and (4) substance abusing inmates. Giving an organizational perspective to the topic of health and corrections, the book also considers violence, public health in the community, access to health services by marginalized individuals, and why it matters to discuss health in prisons, the living conditions in prison, health management, and the health and well-being of those engaged with incarcerated individuals.

Health and Corrections aims to generate an important discussion on the nexus of health and justice and will be a valuable resource for students, researchers, and instructors, as well as for professionals in the field of corrections, criminal justice, and public health and safety.

Using Sweden as its starting point, this insightful book examines how universal health systems around the world are gradually being eroded by the privatization of provision and funding.

This book argues that the influence of commercial interests creates two parallel systems, fatally undermining the principle that public healthcare should be equally available to all citizens. Significantly, it highlights how the language used to describe these neoliberal developments essentially disguises their broader impact, a type of newspeak that frames privatization as a logical response to the pressures faced by welfare states. Each chapter focuses on a different actor, from private healthcare providers to insurance companies, employers, and unions, illustrating the creeping commodification of healthcare not only in Sweden but also internationally.

Erudite and incisive, this will be fascinating reading for scholars and students across public health, political science, and beyond.

Covid-19 Misinformation Flows describes challenges in accessing, collecting, processing, and disseminating information on pandemics, with a focus on Covid-19 communication.

An international team of authors addresses the role of disinformation and misinformation in managing the communication of epidemics; how social media platforms and mainstream media outlets in some countries and regions address pandemics in the context of the flow, learning, and sharing of information on Covid-19. Looking at how traditional media and social media report pandemics, especially Covid-19, the volume addresses the effect of fake news on individuals and businesses, and the impact of such communication on physical and mental health.

This book will interest scholars and students of health communication, social media communication, journalism, political communication, and media and communication in the Global South.

Disfigurement: Understanding Visible Difference is a collection of essays which brings together an all-star cast of researchers, clinicians, advocates, and activists around the world, many of whom have lived experience with disfigurement. Seeking to reduce stigma around disfigurement, they explore the experience of looking different including interventions to help with social integration, social media issues, and prejudice towards physical difference. The collection serves as a call for activism and offers a direction for future research.

This book responds to the three themes prevalent in the literature on disfigurement: (1) the psychosocial aspects of body image and identity, (2) interventions, and (3) representations of disfigurement. In section one, the book explores the psychosocial aspects of body image and identity among people with disfigurement. Section two looks at interventions, including those involving social media. In response to this misrepresentation, section three offers the voices of people who are helping to change public opinions through media and activism.

This book is invaluable reading for all clinicians, researchers, activists, people with disfigurement, and those who care about them. Disfigurement: Understanding Visible Difference is a crucial resource for students of disability studies, social work, and health psychology.

How can you make the most of retirement? How should you plan for retirement? What are the challenges of retirement and how can they be dealt with?

This new edition of The Psychology of Retirement looks at this life stage as a journey that involves challenges, opportunities, setbacks, periods of disenchantment and, often, exciting new beginnings. Updates include a new chapter on the 'old age' stage of life as well as end-of-chapter tips and things to think about, case studies of retirees and pre-retirees, and new statistics including the effects of COVID and homeworking. Taking a positive approach, the book explores how retirement provides opportunities to cultivate new friendships, interests and hobbies, consolidate and renegotiate long-held ones, and even re-invent oneself in a post-work environment. It also emphasizes the value of pre-retirement planning, and the importance of establishing new goals and purposes.

Retirement can be a period of significant psychological growth and development, and The Psychology of Retirement shows how it can herald the beginning of a vibrant and active stage of life.

This book explores the intersection of disabilities and human trafficking, focusing on cognitive, developmental, sensory, and physical disabilities before, during, and after the trafficking experience. Human trafficking research remains a broad area of study that has not adequately covered many specific populations, services, and considerations relevant to the field. The relationship between trafficking experiences and disabilities is complex. Individuals with pre-existing disabilities may be more vulnerable to trafficking due to inadequate social safety nets. At the same time, survivors may develop disabilities as a consequence of their trafficking experiences. The research featured illustrates a relationship between access to social connections and therapeutic services and the increased risk of exploitation for individuals with disabilities. It begins a more extensive dialogue on the importance of considering disabilities when conducting trafficking research. The research also explores empirical gaps and contributes to a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of human trafficking vulnerabilities and related needs among populations that experience a variety of disabilities. This book was originally published as a special issue of Journal of Human Trafficking.

Population aging and rapid socioeconomic changes are weakening family-based elder care while escalating the needs for long-term care services for older adults in China. This book presents insightful analysis and research findings on a wide range of policy-relevant issues related to long-term care for older adults in China.

China's population is aging at an unprecedented pace. Currently, older Chinese adults aged 65 and over account for approximately 15% (or 208 million) of the total population, a figure projected to exceed 30% (or 390 million) by 2050. Rapid demographic and socioeconomic changes in China are weakening traditional family-based elder care while increasing the demand for long-term care services. This book features a collection of studies that provides timely analyses and fresh insights into a wide range of policy-relevant topics related to long-term care for older adults in China. These topics are explored in the volume's nine chapters, organized under four main themes: migration, caregiving, and elder care challenges; long-term care service users, frontline workers, and workforce challenges; unmet needs across the care continuum in healthcare, long-term care, and end-of-life care; and long-term care financing. Grounded in a thoughtful analysis of the best available empirical data and employing rigorous and cutting- edge research methods, the findings from these studies contribute to building scientific evidence where it is lacking and support evidence-informed long-term care policymaking and practice to address the mounting challenges of population aging in China.

This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Aging & Social Policy.

This empirically grounded book presents a critical, interdisciplinary perspective on social and cultural issues related to the health and wellbeing of people with learning disabilities. Through an exploration of healthcare, love and intimacy, pregnancy and childbirth, housing, employment and food the book highlights the enduringly impoverished lives and premature deaths people labelled with learning disabilities experience globally and suggests that such structural violence amounts to social murder.

Through the lens of critical disability studies, the book links the debates around learning disabilities to the larger framework of deinstitutionalisation. It takes a closer look at the label "learning disability", which remains associated with stigma and shame, and advances comprehension of how and why it is that the lives of this group of people are systematically constrained and shortened. The book further identifies recommendations that can be utilised for challenging and changing these circumstances.

It is essential reading for those involved in social and cultural issues related to the lives of people with learning disabilities, and also beneficial for advanced students in sociology, anthropology, psychology, allied health sciences and other related disciplines. It will also be valuable for researchers and health and social care professionals seeking critical insights about their work.

Based on a 10-year longitudinal study in the United States, this much-needed text offers insight into the developmental trajectories of people with disabilities from childhood through adulthood using their language and amplifying their voices. Through in-depth interviews with 14 disabled people, the authors learned important lessons about how each individual developed and enacted a sense of life purpose. Their experiences are illustrated through rich and unfiltered narratives about childhood, family interactions, primary and secondary education, college, and work experiences. These life stories also illuminate growth over time, capturing details of educational, identity, relationship, and career trajectories. Featuring discussion questions at the end of each chapter, the book stimulates individual and group reflection and invites readers to engage in action as allies and advocates for equity and inclusion for disabled people. Disability Life Stories is essential reading for everyone-especially educators (in-service and pre-service), disability scholars, families, community organizers, healthcare professionals, and disabled people themselves.

Universal basic income (UBI) as a policy measure for supporting economic security has attracted worldwide attention. This book contributes to the discussion by focusing on UBI's potential impacts for women, including women of colour and First Nations women.

Utilizing a "scenario interviewing" approach, the author worked with 26 diverse Australian women to imagine the potential implications of UBI for their own lives, as well as for women more broadly. The women talked about a range of possible impacts including poverty reduction, economic security, improved autonomy, and freedom from violence, which are sorted into overarching themes and chapters. Integrating these women's narratives into the key arguments for and against UBI, this book provides a robust and readable introduction to relevant literature.

This book is suitable for a wide audience including scholars and students across the social sciences, as well as policymakers.

The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This book explores how maps generated through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to integrate principles of health equity and environmental justice into community planning and decision-making.

To do this, the book puts forward the 3Ps of GIS mapping: People, Place, and Policy. This book demonstrates how different maps reveal different spatial disparities for each topic, providing alternative lens for addressing socio-cultural, political, or geographical issues. Using a step-by-step approach, and covering the core concepts by which GIS maps can be interpreted, it builds to provide a comprehensive understanding of what a GIS-generated map may tell us, though crucially also what it may not. Featuring illustrated examples throughout, this book is essentially a tool kit to support a nuanced and holistic perspective on community planning.

It will appeal to policymakers, planners, and public health consultants, as well as students moving toward this field.

This book explores the profound impacts of gentrification on public health, examining how this process reshapes socioeconomic and physical environments, exacerbates health disparities, and influences lived experiences. It does so through diverse theoretical, methodological, and empirical perspectives provided by leading researchers from around the globe.

This book provides a comprehensive understanding of the intersections between gentrification and health, with multidisciplinary perspectives and international case studies. It explores key concepts, addresses methodological challenges, and introduces innovative analytical approaches to disentangle the complex pathways linking gentrification to health. With contributions from leading experts, this book synthesises current evidence and provides scholars, policymakers, and practitioners with the knowledge needed to design rigorous studies and implement evidence-based interventions that mitigate health risks, build resilience, and foster equity in rapidly evolving territories.

This book is designed for researchers across social and health sciences, undergraduate and graduate students, as well as policymakers, urban planners, and public health professionals interested in understanding and addressing the health impacts of gentrification.

Studying Religion and Disability introduces students to the many compelling and influential intersections between religion and disability. The early chapters offer introductions to the two fields-defining key terms and definitions, tracing their origins and evolutions, while also demonstrating some of the biases and baggage they bring. The organization of the later chapters is inspired by the formal, phenomenological, or "resemblance" approach to understanding religion, exposing students to different dimensions that all religions seem to have in common, such as practices or places, regardless of their specific content.

Featuring examples from a variety of religions, this book considers how these religions have intersected with a variety of disabilities across space and time. This book provokes thought and discussion around important questions, including how different disabilities are perceived, represented, and constructed in different dimensions of religion; how and why people with disabilities engage with religion; potential or documented barriers that religions present to disabled people; and opportunities and insights that result when each is viewed through the lens of the other. It will be essential reading for all students of Religion and Disability.

Why did South Asian physicians become essential to US health care starting in 1965?

For more than 60 years, the United States has trained fewer physicians than it needs, relying instead on the economically expedient option of soliciting immigrant physicians trained at the expense of other countries. In The Care of Foreigners, Eram Alam examines this migratory dynamic that began during the Cold War.

The passage of the Hart-Celler Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 expedited the entry of foreign medical graduates (FMGs) from postcolonial South Asia and sent them to provide care in shortage areas throughout the United States. Although this arrangement was conceived as temporary, over the decades it has become a permanent fixture of the medical system, with FMGs comprising at least a quarter of the physician labor force since the act became law. This cohort of practitioners has not been extensively studied, rendering the impacts of immigration and foreign policy on the everyday mechanics of US health care obscure. Alam foregrounds global dynamics embedded in the medical system to ask how and why Asian physicians-and especially practitioners from South Asia-have become integral to US medical practice and ubiquitous in the US public imaginary.

Drawing on transcripts of congressional hearings; medical, scientific, and social scientific literature; ethnographies; oral histories; and popular media, Alam explores the enduring consequences of postcolonial physician migration. Combining theoretical and methodological insights from a range of disciplines, this book analyzes both the care provided by immigrant physicians as well as the care extended to them as foreigners.

A comparative analysis of both formal and informal long-term care in ten of the world's wealthiest countries.

Nations throughout the world are in the midst of an enormous demographic transition, with life expectancy increasing and fertility falling, leading to a rapidly aging population and critical implications for long-term care around the world. This volume documents and compares long-term care programs in ten wealthy countries.

Analyses of survey data and government statistics show that the costs of long-term care are beyond the financial means of a large fraction of the elderly population in most countries, particularly the oldest and most disabled. As a result, public systems bear most of the cost of formal long-term care, such as care in an institution or paid home care. Most countries spend more on nursing homes than on home care, but this relationship varies widely as does the mix of care needs and resources used to define eligibility for public funding. At the same time, most care is provided informally through family or unpaid caregivers. The costs of informal care, including the foregone earnings of caregivers, are estimated to account for at least one-third of all long-term care spending in every country. Thus, any estimate of the social costs of long-term care must account for the implicit costs of informal care.

An economist challenges an emerging orthodoxy: the idea that the best way to alleviate poverty is simply to give people money.

A simple notion has become increasingly widespread in recent years: to lift people out of poverty, just give them money. Leading international organizations like the World Bank and United Nations endorse the use of cash transfers. So do Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, and everyday philanthropists-the charity GiveDirectly has raised more than $800 million to distribute to households in a dozen countries.

Challenging this emergent wisdom, Heath Henderson argues that cash transfers-whether one-off grants or a "basic income" provided over a stretch of time-are a flawed response to global poverty. They risk displacing interventions that recipients themselves might prefer: if a community lacks access to clean water or high-quality healthcare, for instance, giving cash to households will not address the problem, which can be solved only by putting those funds toward public infrastructure. Cash transfers have also been linked to more direct harms, including increases in domestic violence, child labor, inflation, and even mortality.

The appeal of cash transfers is rooted in the idea that they avoid paternalism, letting the recipients of the money, rather than faraway donors, make choices for themselves. But as Henderson points out, such transfers substitute one form of paternalism for another, by assuming that markets know best. Poor Relief instead proposes looking beyond one-size-fits-all solutions toward a truly bottom-up alternative. Fixing global poverty is not just a matter of giving people money-it requires giving communities democratic power.

How misinformation erodes public health-and how new media innovations can help create healthier communities.

The erosion of local news, the polarization of national media, and the rising flood of misinformation continue to jeopardize public health and trust. In Information Sick, Joanne Kenen, Lymari Morales, and Joshua M. Sharfstein, MD, examine the dire consequences of a fractured information ecosystem, where misinformation spreads unchecked and undermines science, policy, and health.

The authors trace the decline of traditional news structures and the rise of new challenges, including the dangerous spread of disinformation on social media and the lack of accountability in digital spaces. These shifts have left communities uninformed about critical public health issues-from vaccination campaigns to climate change-while eroding confidence in the institutions meant to protect them. Yet Information Sick also offers a message of resilience and innovation. The authors highlight emerging media efforts that focus on public interest journalism, equitable reporting, and sustainable business models. From nonprofit newsrooms to an information playbook for public health, these examples show how the information ecosystem can be rebuilt to support a healthier society.

Case studies bring these efforts to life, offering concrete solutions for fostering trust, enhancing transparency, and re-establishing the media's role as a cornerstone of public health advocacy. Designed for public health leaders, policymakers, students, advocates, and anybody who wants to know more about the dangerous erosion of trustworthy health news Information Sick equips readers with tools to navigate the modern information landscape and take meaningful steps to counter misinformation and strengthen public health communication.

How community organizations and civic engagement drive the success of global health aid.

What makes health-related development assistance truly effective? In How Ordinary People Make Aid Work, Stefan Kruse argues that the answer lies in the power of ordinary citizens. By examining the role of community organizations and social movements, Kruse challenges conventional approaches to aid, showing that true accountability requires more than institutional reforms or participatory spaces that offer citizens a seat at the table.

Through rigorous analysis and compelling case studies, the book reveals how traditional forms of exercising voice-especially in politically challenging contexts-drive the success of donor-funded health projects. Kruse demonstrates that reducing infant mortality since the 1990s owes more to an engaged citizenry than to formal accountability mechanisms. Surprisingly, state capacity and democratic institutions show little effect on the success of health aid once citizen involvement is accounted for. By bridging macroeconomic studies of aid effectiveness with research on political behavior, these findings underscore the indispensable role of civic engagement in building resilient health systems.

How Ordinary People Make Aid Work critiques the limitations of traditional, top-down development models and advocates for empowering communities to lead their own progress. It highlights how social ties and collective action equip citizens to oversee health projects and create sustainable solutions to public health challenges. Offering fresh insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and scholars, this book redefines what it takes to make aid truly impactful.

Amid historic restrictions on abortion, puberty blockers, and assisted suicide, a health-law expert exposes America's broken system of medical conscience, which shields clinicians who refuse evidence-based care yet offers no protections to those who provide prohibited treatment.

Pitched battles over abortion, puberty blockers, and assisted suicide have turned American healthcare into a legal minefield. Faced with mounting restrictions on medical practice, doctors and nurses who follow their conscience to provide standard treatments risk being fined, fired, or even imprisoned, while clinicians who conscientiously deny evidence-based care are shielded without condition from any such consequences. Dov Fox argues that by ceding the moral vocabulary of conscience to refusers alone, the lopsided law of medical conscience selectively burdens providers, drives vulnerable patients underground, and impoverishes the dynamic pluralism of medicine.

The Conscience of Care lays bare the broken system of medical conscience and sets out to fix it. Fox canvases a landscape of contested services that include IVF, IUDs, opioids, psychedelics, organ transplants, and advance directives. He develops practical reforms that rebalance conscience protection by introducing measured safeguards for providers and scaling back the categorical refuge afforded to refusers. The Conscience of Care articulates a bold vision of medicine that reclaims the lost promise of conscience to bridge social divides on matters of life and death, impairment and identity.

A bold vision for reimagining harmful public policies through prevention.

Public policies in the United States are built on certain assumptions: that long-term prison sentences deter crime, that corporate profits benefit everyone, that police are the best way to ensure safety, and that meritocracy ensures equal opportunity. Yet, as public health expert Paul J. Fleming reveals, mountains of evidence show that many of these widely accepted policies cause harm, perpetuate inequities, and even lead to premature death.

In Imagine Doing Better, Fleming offers a bold vision for change that's rooted in public health principles of prevention-addressing problems at their root before they occur. Combining rigorous research, historical analysis, and compelling narratives, he examines the deep flaws in policies governing health care, education, justice, and the environment. Fleming unpacks how these systems were built, why harmful assumptions persist, and how they can be reimagined to promote equity, sustainability, and human dignity. Fleming challenges readers to rethink entrenched ideas by exploring thought-provoking questions like "Are prisons a good investment?" and "Is education a ladder or a sieve?". He highlights how budgets and policies reflect moral choices, and he provides frameworks for advocacy and policymaking grounded in evidence and fairness.

Fleming paints a hopeful-yet urgent-picture of what's possible when societies invest in solutions that prioritize human dignity, equity, and sustainability. Accessible and inspiring, Imagine Doing Better offers a hopeful roadmap to a future where all communities have the resources and opportunities to thrive.

A deep examination of how new, legalistic norms affected the trajectory of global HIV care and altered the practice of medicine.

HIV emerged in the world at a time when medicine and healthcare were undergoing two major transformations: globalization and a turn toward legally inflected, rule-based ways of doing things. It accelerated both trends. While pestilence and disease are generally considered the domain of biological sciences and medicine, social arrangements-and law in particular-are also crucial.

Drawing on years of research in HIV clinics in the United States, Thailand, South Africa, and Uganda, Governing the Global Clinic examines how growing norms of legalized accountability have altered the work of healthcare systems and how the effects of legalization vary across different national contexts. A key feature of legalism is universalistic language, but, in practice, rules are usually imported from richer countries (especially the United States) to poorer ones that have less adequate infrastructure and fewer resources with which to implement them. Challenging readers to reconsider the impulse to use law to organize and govern social life, Governing the Global Clinic poses difficult questions: When do rules solve problems, and when do they create new problems? When do rules become decoupled from ethics, and when do they lead to deeper moral commitments? When do rules reduce inequality? And when do they reflect, reproduce, and even amplify inequality?