社会福祉・社会保障 — 全 下位分類

This open access book analyses Latin American countries' state capacity based on these countries' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The causes and consequences of uneven state capacity have been a popular academic debate in social welfare provision during the last decades. The pandemic raises further concerns. The making and implementation of infection-preventive measures have relied on the capability of the state authority to deploy health infrastructure, provide timely and extensive health services, and mobilize policy tools to build desirable collective action either by coercive or non-coercive means. In this sense, the global pandemic "presents a rare naturally occurring experiment" to draw comparative lessons.

Additionally, amid the burgeoning COVID-19 literature worldwide, Latin America stood out as a region that provides an important reference to the comparative perspective on the global pandemic. It unfolded one of the worst scenarios, particularly during the first year of the pandemic, evident in the major indicators such as infected cases, death tolls, and mortality rates. So, not all of the Global South hit the score evenly, making Latin America remarkably worse in inter-regional terms than Africa and Asia, making it one of the epicenters of the pandemic. Academic studies have added nuance to this picture by suggesting intra-regional variations. Latin American countries differed in many critical ways, including early successes and failures in containing virus spreads, political leadership and coordination, and measures taken for social distancing. Subnational variations were also remarkable in federal regimes. This multi-layered diversity thus provides seedbeds for the identification and test of theoretical puzzles.

COVID-19 and State Capacity in Latin America: Comparative Perspectives on Responses to the Pandemic will be a valuable resource for political scientists and researchers from many other disciplines within the social sciences interested in the study of state capacity and social welfare provision.

This book shows how racial perception goes beyond the limits of sight. Drawing on Semiotic Cultural Psychology, it challenges the dominant visuocentric paradigm that equates race with visually apprehended phenotypic traits. Through an in-depth case study of a congenitally blind individual, the author demonstrates that racial distinctions are not self-evident to the senses but emerge through socially mediated, symbolic, and affective processes.

Integrating insights from psychology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and disability studies, the volume explores how race operates as a dynamic, culturally constructed sign within intersubjective relations. It critically revisits Brazilian racial classification systems, affirmative action controversies, and heteroidentification procedures, exposing the contradictions between race as a social construct and the visual essentialism embedded in current practices. The book advances a theoretical framework that reconceptualizes racial identity as a dimension of body image-biopsychosocial, historically situated, and affectively charged.

Combining rigorous theoretical analysis with qualitative methodology, Race Beyond Vision: A Semiotic-Cultural Study of Racial Perception and Blindness contributes to debates on race, perception, and embodiment by revealing how blind individuals participate fully in the social construction of race. It will appeal to scholars and graduate students in cultural psychology, critical race studies, semiotics, and disability studies, as well as researchers interested in epistemology and qualitative inquiry.

This book provides medical technology entrepreneurs and their investors with a decision-making methodology based on the scientific approach that maximizes their chances of success. It enriches the understanding of valuation for medical startups, proposing an approach that moves the focus from the sophistication of the forecasting and financial methodologies to the quantitative importance of high-quality business assumptions and the economic impact of each critical business decision. It also provides a complete set of visual, organized, and compelling mental maps tailored to the business of medical technology innovation; maps that visualize and link the medical venture's decision-making and prediction problems. Their use minimizes the probability of overlooking critical decision problems on the path to successful execution while connecting them through a sequential and hierarchical framework. Finally, the book provides practical, real-life examples of how the scientific approach to decision-making can be used in medical technology startups outside the clinical trial area. The reader is left with various sets of valuable and practical tools that can be individually applied.

This volume celebrates identity theory as a leading framework that organizes research on identities across a wide swath of disciplines, such as sociology, psychology, political science, criminology, social work, and education. It positions identity as not merely an abstract concept studied in a vacuum; but rather, as a foundational aspect of our lives that are developed, maintained, and negotiated in real, day-to-day social contexts, and that carry very real implications for health, well-being, future aspirations, and realized successes in a variety of social arenas. Featuring original, empirical work from senior, mid-career, and junior scholars, this volume presents new and cutting-edge developments in identity theory that advance research in the context of higher education, rural communities, political engagement, police-citizen interactions, racial/ethnic minorities, and patients in healthcare settings. Other topics covered include identity development, identity maintenance and negotiation, mental health and wellbeing, and aspirations and success expectations. Many chapters feature continued measurement improvements and/or bridges to other theories.

The volume highlights the practical, applied utility of identity research for understanding and contributing to solutions for contemporary social problems. It is essential reading for researchers, academics, and graduate and undergraduate students who are interested in the relationship between identities and social problems and who seek to stay apprised of new and emerging emphases within the identity theory research community.

This book explores the complex intersections of ageing, migration, and transnational family life. Migration reshapes family structures and alters the quality and dynamics of relationships across generations and borders. Rather than viewing ageing solely from the perspective of older adults, this edited volume conceptualizes ageing as a life-long process, offering important connections to life-course perspectives on families and intergenerational relationships. Amid intensified global mobility and population ageing, the chapters present both quantitative and qualitative research from diverse contexts around the world. Together, they illuminate underexamined groups and social settings in the fields of ageing and migration, expanding and deepening current scholarly debates. Drawing on data from a range of social science disciplines, the volume provides rigorous analyses of aged care, health, parenthood, gender, and culture. It reveals the multifaceted ways in which ageing shapes family relationships within the context of migration and transnationalism. The contributions examine how ageing migrants navigate their own experiences of growing older while living apart from their adult children and kin, and how migrants engage with notions of well-being, care, and filial obligation in relation to ageing parents who remain in their countries of origin. Interdisciplinary in scope, this book will appeal to scholars and students of migration studies, family sociology, social gerontology, diaspora studies, and anthropology, offering new insights into the lived realities of ageing and care in a transnational world.

This book presents a collection of articles on income distribution and poverty reduction in China, written by leading experts in China. The chapters address a broad range of topics, including the income gap, informal employment, education, urbanization migrant workers, the middle-income group, household wealth and inequality in urban areas, income distribution with regard to the formal economy, mixed economy and labor, and the social security system. In closing, the book provides concrete policy recommendations.

This book draws critical connections between food, health, and the environment, redefining our understanding of nutrition as a dynamic interface that shapes human well-being. As the need for a holistic approach to "food health", ie. the relationship between well-being and nutrition, is increasingly becoming more pressing, this volume brings together interdisciplinary contributions that advocate for a new ethical and legal framework that prioritises integral well-being for individuals and communities.

While Deafness can function as a cultural-linguistic identity with its own language and community norms, Deaf individuals may belong simultaneously to other social groups while sharing a Deaf identity.

Throughout this work, Belenyi and Flora interpret Deafness and ethnicity through the lens of Social Identity Theory (SIT), which posits that individuals derive part of their self-concept from membership in social groups and predicts that group memberships shape self-concept and self-esteem. While SIT has its limitations, newer adaptations, such as self-categorization theory and identity process theory, allow for more nuanced interpretations. With a focus on Hungarian ethnic-minority Deaf people in Romania-and their partners and communities-the authors examine these insights to understand how Deaf people in Romania balance their ethnic and Deaf identities.

Deaf people in East-Central Europe, especially in the multi-ethnic context of Romania, inhabit overlapping minority worlds. Although nation-building policies often emphasize linguistic and ethnic homogeneity, in practice Hungarian-Romanian relations within Deaf families and communities can reveal unexpected cultural bridges. This book combines a theoretical synthesis of Deaf identity, culture, and ethnicity with empirical life-course research to shed new light on how Deaf and ethnic identities intersect.

There is a conspicuous void of analyses about the economic and policy analysis of heart disease research funding in the United States and in other countries. This book discusses the economic and policy dimensions of heart disease research-the leading cause of death in the United States and globally-and it provides a comprehensive overview of the contributions of the primary US funding agency for heart disease research, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) within the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). It offers policymakers metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of the US Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program-a key funding program within NHLBI. It includes information focused on health policy, reauthorizations of the NHLBI's programs, and more. The resulting book provides a useful structure to help decision makers understand the use and allocation of resources that support health research.

This volume explores the complex nature of religiosity among deaf and hard-of-hearing adolescents attending residential schools in Poland. Drawing on psychological models of religion, particularly Stefan Huber's multidimensional approach, this study examines both subjective and environmental determinants of religious development in this unique population. Key dimensions include emotional experiences of the divine, conceptual images of God, and general levels of religious commitment, all measured through standardized tools adapted for Polish Sign Language users. The book also offers a comprehensive profile of the participants, including their developmental trajectories, communication methods, and varying degrees of religious knowledge and engagement. It also analyzes the role of educational and social environments in shaping religious identity and practices. Drawing from data collected from 170 students across Poland, the study develops an evidence-based model for religious education tailored to deaf and hard-of-hearing youth, including post-educational and elderly groups in inclusive education settings. The book fills a major gap in both Polish and international scholarship, and ultimately provides essential insights for educators, religious leaders, psychologists, and policymakers engaged in the inclusive religious formation of deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals.

This book provides the first systematic, quali-quantitative examination of how perception, orientation, and anticipation of the future are produced and reproduced in disruptive times. Utilizing an extensive and assorted Italian data set, it revolves around the contemporary sociological discussion between subjective expectations and objective chances, showing how disadvantaged actors self-excluded themselves while facing ambiguous prospects during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Supported by both qualitative and quantitative evidence, the authors advance that structural, actual opportunities largely predetermine individual stances, especially while confronted with their post-pandemic hereafter - what Bourdieu calls "the causality of the probable". Although a flood of publications ensued from the pandemic, many of which focused on the reproduction of inequalities taking place in such unsettled times, little or no attention has been paid to the dynamic through which social actors unequally envisioned future scenarios (as well as practical predispositions and adaptations to them), unevenly projecting themselves in the aftermath of the pandemic situation. Accordingly, this book interprets dispositions and attitudes toward the future of a national-scale sample of Italian subjects by highlighting to what extent these apperceptions are influenced by previous experiences, cultural schemas, and socioeconomic background.

An important contribution to the contemporary sociological discussion between subjective expectations and objective chances, it will appeal to researchers and scholars with interests in social reproduction, sociological theory, future studies, inequality, and mixed-method analysis.

This book examines the profound impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on how people experienced dying, death and bereavement from early 2020 onwards. This interdisciplinary collection draws together international examples rooted in empirical research from death studies scholars to make sense of these impacts. The collection includes a wide range of insights from how personal and societal responses to the pandemic shaped the ways people talked and thought about death, to the provision of palliative and intensive care, and changes in funerary practices. The book demonstrates how social responses to the pandemic shaped death in this historical moment and explores potential lasting legacies, such as altered rituals. Curated from articles originally published in the journal Mortality with a new preface by the editors, this collection showcases why death studies is crucial for understanding not only the COVID-19 pandemic but also future pandemics and mass death events.

This volume will be essential reading for students, scholars, healthcare professionals, public health researchers and grief counsellors in medical anthropology, medical humanities, thanatology, sociology, bereavement studies and palliative care.

The chapters in this book were originally published in Mortality.

This book addresses the urgent need for AI healthcare insights in a post-pandemic and swiftly progressing world in which the use of advanced health technologies is becoming the norm. It explores the rapidly evolving AI landscape affecting health systems and provides practical, evidence-informed guidance drawn from practice, theory, and research.

Covering a wide range of topics-from digital health technologies to data analytics and interoperability-it offers a thorough examination of advancements in these areas, giving readers a comprehensive understanding of the health sector's transformation. The book goes beyond theory, showcasing practical applications of AI solutions, discussing both advantages and possible disadvantages. Real-world case studies and expert perspectives drawn from recent developments equip readers with actionable insights for implementation in various healthcare settings. With a holistic approach, the book explores not only technological aspects but also ethical considerations, regulatory challenges, and the human impact of digital transformation.

This invaluable resource is essential for academics, practitioners, and policymakers in healthcare management, information systems management, healthcare policy, and public health.

As the first of two companion volumes, this book provides a comprehensive collection of applied linguistics studies on health inclusivity, showcasing empirical research and methodological insights on different languages such as British Sign Language, Chinese, Danish, English, German, Japanese, and Spanish.

The volume presents studies on health inclusivity based on first-hand patient experiences and explores the representation of health and illness across scientific, institutional, and media discourses. It features a wide range of linguistic methodologies and frameworks such as qualitative discourse studies, corpus-based discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, public involvement, narrative analysis, and metaphor analysis, as applied to a variety of contexts and communities. Integrating examples of projects and campaigns that promote inclusive healthcare, the chapters discuss potential practical implications and offer recommendations for applications to Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI).

This is an essential resource for academics working in linguistics and discourse studies applied to healthcare, as well as students seeking deeper insights into how health communication, sociology, and health and social care workers can inform institutional practices and shape policy discussions, and broaden social perspectives of health inclusivity across a global scale.

This book explores the central role of salt in modern Indian history through eleven specially commissioned essays from an international range of scholars. Down to 1947, the British controlled the production, distribution and sale of salt in India. Salt was taxed, with the burden falling disproportionately on the poor. By the early 20th century, salt yielded the largest revenue of all commodities taxed by the Government of India. When Mohandas Gandhi sought to mobilize the Indian poor against colonial rule in 1930, he chose a march from Ahmedabad to the sea-salt producing coastline of Gujarat as an act of civil disobedience, projecting the Indian struggle for independence to an unprecedented global audience. Using salt as a lens, these essays reconstruct how one of life's necessities remained a central issue of public policy in both colonial and independent India, exploring the entangled histories of colonial state making, economic policies, individual ambitions, legal entanglements, protest and public health.

This volume will be invaluable for students, researchers and scholars interested in South Asian studies, Economic History and Public Policy. The book covers broad subject areas including colonial administration, taxation and revenue systems, civil disobedience movements, economic nationalism, public health policy, and the social and cultural significance of essential commodities in shaping state-society relations in modern India.

The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the Journal of South Asian Studies.

This book explores how ancient disability and its reception in Classics, Ancient Mediterranean Studies (AMS), and related disciplines are relevant to disabled people today.

Written by disabled and neurodivergent scholars, this book outlines the multifaceted contributions studies of the ancient world can have on contemporary Disability Studies, pedagogy, research, and activism. It addresses how ableism has impacted the disability rights movement, pedagogy, and research in Classics, as well as misconceptions about disability in the ancient world, which remain pervasive across modern scholarship. The volume highlights what Ancient Disability Studies has to offer towards modern disability activism, with studies of disability in the past posing fascinating questions for educators and disability community members today.

This book is suitable for students and scholars in Classics and AMS, Disability Studies, and Museum Studies, as well as teachers and university educators. It will also appeal to disabled people and those interested in pedagogy and disability history.

Mercy in Disaster is about the forgotten nurse in America's signature, iconic photograph of Civil War wounded: abolitionist Abby Hopper Gibbons. Hung in museums large and small, pictured in books, and found across the internet, rarely is what the New York Times called "one of the most remarkable women of this century" identified. More practitioner than pundit, an organizer and social reformer for nearly six decades before the war, Gibbons spent the majority of America's largest crisis at the front or in various hospitals. Mercy in Disaster is the compilation of Gibbons's wartime letters and journals, which are a vivid window on the emerging role of women, medical care, the struggle for freedom by African Americans, and Gibbons's fascinating place in it all. An educated Quaker, Gibbons chronicles her efforts to overcome, avoid, or accommodate the obstacles confronting the women of her time. She responded to the suffering of war, witnessed medical care in evolution, and everywhere abetted the end of chattel slavery through aid and advocacy.

This volume offers an initial articulation of radical, ethical social work as a socially transformative response to societal divisions and polarisation.

The contributors conceptualise this interstitial space of the radical and ethical as acutely sensitive to power relations, systemic harms, and diverse epistemologies and ontologies while being relational, contextual, compassionate, and informed by oppositional consciousness and revolutionary hope. The 30 chapters are spread across three sections: Theorizing Radical, Ethical Social Work; Academic Contexts; and Practical Contexts. In disrupting assumed positions and orthodoxies and making visible tensions and contradictions in contemporary social work, this book suggests greater complexity, nuance, and possibility, whilst promoting novel, unique social work responses and dialogue.

Presenting a new politics of social work, this Handbook will motivate social work scholars, educators, practitioners, students, and policy makers towards complex, critical, relevant, transformative, socially just, decolonised, ethical social work engagement.

Power, Knowledge, and Covid-19: The Making of a Scientific Orthodoxy shows, step by step, how a dominant scientific line on Covid-19 was built and defended - and what it left out.

Through tightly argued case studies, Alex Broadbent and Pieter Streicher reconstruct how early modelling distinctions (notably the suppression/mitigation frame) and threshold-based reasoning made lockdown the default; how debates on masking and vaccination hardened into dogma; and how rival views were sidelined through credentialing, gatekeeping, and the control of forums. The book names and analyses five recurring features of this orthodoxy - methodological rigidity, scientific dogma, suppression of dissent, indirect political authority ("follow the science"), and scientific injustice - and shows how each shaped decisions across diverse settings.

Pairing clear conceptual analysis with accessible evidence reviews, the authors probe where models misled, where uncertainty was overstated or understated, and where costs, context, and equity were neglected - especially in low-resource settings. Rather than relitigating the pandemic, they offer a practical framework for recognizing when science and policy converge too tightly, how to keep plurality alive under pressure, and how to design governance that preserves expertise without closing down legitimate choice. For readers in philosophy, public health, policy, and beyond, this is a concise, non-polemical account of what went wrong, what went right, and how to do better next time.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY) 4.0 license.

Reproductive Boundaries examines the shifting boundaries of prenatal care in Switzerland, focusing on the Pregnancy Support Center's innovative psychosocial model. By redefining the territory of care, the Center extends its reach beyond the medical domain, exemplifying the reproductivization of life, the increasing organization of various life aspects through a reproductive lens. The book explores how this approach challenges traditional borders between medical and psychosocial care, offering an alternative to Switzerland's heavily medicalized reproductive care. Through ethnographic insights into reproductive talk, it reveals how psychosocial advisors shift the boundaries of reproductive care, balancing support with broader state goals of reproductive governance. Set against Switzerland's history of stratified reproductive policies, the study critically examines how psychosocial care reshapes the landscape of pregnancy, raising questions about surveillance and evolving gender roles. This thought-provoking work invites readers to reconsider the limits and possibilities of care in a fragmented society.

This book is also freely available online as an open access digital edition.

Asserts how Black artists and activists developed a disability consciousness in response to racialized disabling experiences in the early to mid-twentieth century

Black Crip Modern uncovers how early twentieth-century Black writers, artists, and activists laid the groundwork for modern disability consciousness. Under Jim Crow, Black disabled citizens were excluded from social services and medical reforms, even as racist violence, carceral surveillance, eugenic logic, and exploitative labor conditions deepened disabling experiences. Through literature, film, photography, and personal testimony, Black modernists registered these compounded injustices and articulated new ways of thinking about illness, impairment, and care.

Engaging the work of figures such as Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Wallace Thurman, Pauli Murray, Langston Hughes and Marita Bonner, Jess Waggoner traces how Black cultural production challenged both white supremacy and ableist ideals of progress. In their writing, Waggoner finds an early "Black crip modern" consciousness - one that rejected eugenic reform, critiqued racialized caregiving hierarchies, and envisioned collective care grounded in feminist and anti-carceral principles.

In conversation with contemporary disability justice movements, Black Crip Modern reveals how Black thinkers and artists forged a disability politics before it was formally named. By assembling these overlooked histories of Black ill and disabled life, Waggoner reframes the foundations of disability studies and insists that Black cultural production has always been central to the struggle for bodily autonomy, access, and justice.

Translating the Language of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Primer is an essential primer for translators, offering a comprehensive exploration of the terminology and language that shaped the global response to an unprecedented crisis. Divided into three insightful chapters, the book delves into the linguistic and technological dimensions of the pandemic.

The first chapter, The outbreak, explores key pandemic terms like shelter-in-place, the new normal, and flattening the curve, reflecting societal events during the crisis. The second chapter, Migration online, examines the pandemic's impact on education and the arts, highlighting their transition to virtual platforms. The third chapter, Fire of genius, fuel of survival-inspired by Abraham Lincoln's Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions-showcases global innovations that mitigated the pandemic's effects and analyzes the vaccine rollout, covering its successes and challenges. The book includes an English-French glossary of 1,500 pandemic-related terms, covering scientific and everyday language, along with appendices listing patents and links to virtual performances. A detailed index ensures easy navigation of topics. This comprehensive resource serves as both a primer for translators on the language that defined the COVID-19 pandemic and a reader-friendly presentation of international mitigation technologies and innovations.

This book provides a research-supported retrospective analysis with enduring relevance and features a bilingual compendium of pandemic terminology with potential for expansion into additional languages. It is an invaluable resource for translators, linguists, and researchers seeking to understand the intersection of language, technology, and human resilience during one of the most challenging periods in modern history.