社会福祉・社会保障 — 全 下位分類

As the second of two companion volumes, this book advances the study of language and health by focusing on communication in action. The volume showcases applications of health communication in real contexts and illustrates how linguistics research and practice can address health inequalities across global contexts.

Building on the foundations in Discourses of Inclusive and Exclusionary Health Communication: Healthcare, Language, and Inclusivity, Volume 1, this volume examines scientific and institutional discourses, community health campaigns, and health education initiatives, while addressing topics such as AI technologies, gender-inclusive language, graphic medicine, and youth health education. The contributors employ a range of linguistics and health communication methods, including corpus-assisted discourse analysis, multimodal and narrative approaches, and participatory research. Contributions include cross-cultural case studies, community-based projects, and innovative applications of machine learning. The volume emphasizes how strategies of inclusive communication can help counter structural barriers and promote more equitable practices.

Together with Volume 1, this is an essential resource for academics working in linguistics and discourse studies applied to healthcare, as well as students seeking to understand how language both reflects and transforms health inequalities, while providing globally relevant perspectives and practical tools for effective healthcare communication.

Unravels the complexity of pervasive mistrust across the primary medical sectors of Niger

Negotiating Mistrust examines a wide diversity of patients and healers-and interactions between them-in Niamey, Niger through the analytical prism of mistrust. It offers a holistic study of the medical landscape in Niamey by focusing on the intersections between three medical sectors: traditional, Islamic, and biomedical.

Scott M. Youngstedt asserts that nuanced analysis of the interplay between mistrust and trust is key to understanding the decisions that health-seeking Nigeriens make among the multiple options available to them, while recognizing that in one of the world's very poorest countries, many forms of biomedical care-and some traditional and Islamic medicine-are unaffordable to most people. He demonstrates that mistrust and trust are not mutually exclusive, usually not absolute but exist on a fluid continuum, involve cognitive and affective dimensions, and are shaped by shifting historical, contemporary, and personal contexts. Medical mistrust often functions as a pragmatic, defensive attitude of engagement with uncertainty and risk. Mistrust complicates medical decision-making, but Nigeriens are not paralyzed by it. Despite pervasive mistrust of medical systems and institutions, medicines, and healers of all sectors for diverse historical reasons, tens of thousands of Nigeriens consult with and purchase medicines from healers daily on the streets of Niamey because their determination to get well helps them overcome their skepticism. Since people in Niamey are often mistrustful of medical care of all three sectors, practitioners must exert enormous energy earning potential patients' trust. Negotiating Mistrust focuses on the careers of generalist practitioners-healers who treat thirty or more conditions ranging from everyday annoyances to life-threatening problems-of all three sectors who work on the street and in roadside boutiques.

Medical mistrust in various forms is widespread, possibly even universal. This focused study of the medical mistrust-trust dynamic in Niger yields important insights into health care interactions and medical decision-making worldwide.

In an era where medical technology advances rapidly yet faces mounting regulatory hurdles, this book explores the critical interplay between patent law and regulatory frameworks that shapes the future of healthcare. It examines a fundamental problem in European medical technology innovation: the disconnect between patent protection periods and increasingly lengthy regulatory approval processes, demonstrating that Europe's current system forces companies to abandon breakthrough innovations in favor of incremental improvements. It compares the European Union's Medical Device Regulation with the United States' integrated patent-regulatory system, revealing how temporal misalignment between approval and protection discourages investment in complex medical devices. The book develops the first quantitative model linking patent-regulatory interaction and innovation effort in medical devices and demonstrates empirically, through Monte Carlo simulations and elasticity analysis, a significant improvement in development effort and increase in innovation value. It provides actionable policy guidance for aligning European patent law with regulatory timelines while maintaining high safety standards and offers cross-sectoral insights from renewable energy and biotechnology as benchmarks for successful regulatory-innovation alignment. Further, it addresses an urgent policy debate in the European Union concerning innovation incentives in the health-technology sector. By combining legal analysis, mathematical modelling, and policy evaluation, the book bridges law, economics, and health-technology governance. It provides a policy blueprint for balancing innovation incentives, regulatory efficiency, and patient safety, addressing a structural weakness at the heart of Europe's medtech competitiveness. With its quantitative rigour and policy relevance, the book targets a multidisciplinary readership of academics in law, economics, and innovation policy, policymakers, regulators at European Union institutions, and industry professionals.

This book explores the impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the value co-creation process within inter-organizational networks, providing theoretical and practical perspectives on value creation in networks and on technological diffusion. Specifically, the author examines Precision Medicine (PM) networks in Italy, where technology is crucial in sharing and analyzing clinical data. By adopting an ecosystem perspective, Generative AI can enhance healthcare efficiency by increasing the speed and accuracy of diagnosis and treatment, and foster collaborative networking, as real-time data sharing facilitates streamlined communication among healthcare professionals, ensuring multidisciplinary patient care. Its analytical and predictive capabilities also enable personalized and tailored therapies by anticipating patients' treatment needs. The book proposes a conceptual framework for mapping the critical stages of the value co-creation process and identifies the enablers and barriers of Generative AI within such networks. This book is a valuable resource for scholars, researchers, academics, professionals, and policymakers interested in the development of more resilient and value-driven healthcare networks.

This book focuses on exploring the potential of artificial intelligence and its respective components in drug designing from medicinal and aromatic plants. Different ancient civilizations have shown the significance of herbal formulation in healthcare, food and curing the ailments. However, with time the majority of this treasure has been lost due to overexploitation or generation gap (destruction of ancient civilization) and evolution of synthetic drugs. In recent decades, society again shifted toward herbal healthcare mainly due to side effects of synthetic drugs. Therefore, the proposal has been segregated into three sections: Section 1 (Chapter 1-4) will cover the basics of traditional practices, policies and screening methods. Section 2 (Chapter 5-10) will elaborate the disease specific applications of phytoformulations. Some of the common and prevalent diseases like blood borne infections, neurological diseases, viral infections, respiratory disorders and biofilm-associated nosocomial infections will be discussed. Section 3 (Chapter 11-15) will provide an overview of OMICS and advanced tools integration in drug development followed by emerging challenges with AI models.

This book presents a collection of articles on income distribution and poverty reduction in China, written by leading experts in China. The chapters address a broad range of topics, including the income gap, informal employment, education, urbanization migrant workers, the middle-income group, household wealth and inequality in urban areas, income distribution with regard to the formal economy, mixed economy and labor, and the social security system. In closing, the book provides concrete policy recommendations.

Fentanyl is a first-person, insider account of how the crisis consumed the Biden Administration amid a series of other national security emergencies. It follows Jake Braun, a senior White House official, and his colleagues while they scramble to respond to the epidemic. As Mexican cartels ruthlessly executed their most radical transformation in 50 years, Braun and his colleagues architected the first U.S. government wide strategy to combat fentanyl in history.

The effort brought him to Mexico to meet with Mexican agents who kick down cartel doors for the U.S. government there. He also spent time with data analytics wizards buried in nondescript offices in Virginia suburbs that hunt down Chinese fentanyl precursor chemicals on the Dark Web. He even takes a detour to gather intelligence from Russian migrants in U.S. detention facilities that migrated through cartel-controlled areas of Mexico. In the process, Braun uncovered the remarkable transformation cartels in Mexico underwent over the last 50 years. They morphed from narco-empires the size of Fortune 50 companies specializing in marijuana and cocaine to ones specializing in human migration and, separately, fentanyl.

After much painstaking effort, the Biden Administration successfully executed the most sweeping takedown of cartel leadership and fentanyl infrastructure since the crisis began. Due to the efforts of heroic agents, intelligence officers and national security experts, the leviathan U.S. government is now marshaled in ways never before imagined against the Chinese chemical companies and cartels propagating the fentanyl epidemic. Further, the strategy seems to be working. Just a year after it was kicked off, the fentanyl fatalities dropped nearly 37%. Yet the crisis persists. Finally, Braun draws on his unique experience combating the epidemic to outline how the U.S. government can once and for all end the fentanyl crisis in America.

This book offers a systematic analysis of the community health center program's success since its establishment as a War on Poverty program.
Initially, the program served as a means for strengthening communities by ameliorating the poverty-related causes and consequences of limited access to health care. Today, the program is situated as an entry point and safety-net solution, shoring up gaps in the larger healthcare system. Against the backdrop of persistent health disparities and calls to return to its anti-poverty roots, the goal of this book is to both celebrate and caution against administrative strategies that primarily align programmatic outcomes with macroeconomic standards of success. Chronologically structured by its legislative authorization history and presidential administrations, Two Steps Forward, Three to the Side employs a sociological lens to trace the transformation of social narratives created by administrators and advocates about the program for the purpose of fortifying legislative support over more than six decades. The examination uncovers the gradual de-emphasis of social justice as a core tenet of the community health center program in favor of messages about programmatic efficiency and cost savings for the larger healthcare system in response to challenging funding environments.

Framing Addiction uncovers how mainstream American media have shaped public understanding of drug epidemics through narratives deeply influenced by race, class, and power. Drawing on content and discourse analyses of six major newspapers, compares the heroin epidemic of the 1970s with the opioid crisis of the 21st century, exposing how Black and Latino communities were criminalized while White opioid users were portrayed as victims in need of care.

This timely and necessary work explores the human cost of biased journalism and the policy consequences of selective empathy. From Nixon's "War on Drugs" to today's calls for treatment and recovery, Framing Addiction traces how media narratives both reflect and reinforce inequality. Grounded in critical race theory, journalism studies, and public health discourse, this book offers a new framework for ethical, equitable reporting on addiction.

A vital resource for journalists, scholars, policymakers, and anyone interested in the intersections of media, race, and public health.

This book provides medical technology entrepreneurs and their investors with a decision-making methodology based on the scientific approach that maximizes their chances of success. It enriches the understanding of valuation for medical startups, proposing an approach that moves the focus from the sophistication of the forecasting and financial methodologies to the quantitative importance of high-quality business assumptions and the economic impact of each critical business decision. It also provides a complete set of visual, organized, and compelling mental maps tailored to the business of medical technology innovation; maps that visualize and link the medical venture's decision-making and prediction problems. Their use minimizes the probability of overlooking critical decision problems on the path to successful execution while connecting them through a sequential and hierarchical framework. Finally, the book provides practical, real-life examples of how the scientific approach to decision-making can be used in medical technology startups outside the clinical trial area. The reader is left with various sets of valuable and practical tools that can be individually applied.

By focusing on effective communication strategies and leveraging cutting-edge research, this book offers meaningful progress toward improving mental health outcomes for everyone, with a special emphasis on underserved populations.

Health communication research constitutes a significant intervention to the study of mental health, especially when considering underserved and marginalized demographics. Contributors to this volume identify and address critical barriers often faced when accessing mental health information and care, including stigma, lack of resources, and cultural differences, among myriad other individual and societal obstacles.

By exposing and critically analyzing these issues, the book recommends future directions for the design of effective mental health communication campaigns, emphasizing the importance of strategic information diffusion and urgency in order to improve mental health literacy. Contributors then offer policy recommendations and advocacy initiatives designed to improve mental health services for underserved populations and communities, ultimately increasing both the inclusivity and overall efficacy of the mental healthcare system.

This book discusses conditionality in social policy from normative, ethical, and philosophical perspectives. It brings together researchers from a variety of disciplines and parts of the world, opening new perspectives for the reader. Conditional social benefits are widespread and controversial: for supporters, they express that the state can expect something in return for its services and that self-responsibility is thereby strengthened. For critics, conditionality is synonymous with control and subjugation. This book discusses and investigates both views on conditionality, allowing the reader to get more in-depth knowledge of this topical and important aspect of social policy and political philosophy.

This book highlights the experiences of people with disability and their family members from Syrian and Iraqi refugee backgrounds who have resettled in Australia over the past decade.
Based on in-depth life history interviews, the book details the challenges people faced as refugees adapting to a new country. Some of these challenges are consistent with those faced by people from refugee backgrounds, but the book sheds special light on difficulties which are specific to or exacerbated by the disability experience. Taking a scholarly perspective, the Angela Dew explores the implications of these challenges and recommends alternative approaches which may diminish the challenges and enhance the benefits that can accrue to not just the individuals seeking refuge, but the societies receiving them. Bringing together four conceptual frameworks-life course theory, ecological theory, social capital theory, and journey theory-the book explores how the application of these theories offers complimentary viewpoints to provide a deeper understanding of the experiences of people with disability from refugee backgrounds. By affirming that people with disability and their family members who seek asylum and those who are accepted as refugees in resettlement countries deserve safety, security and support following traumatic life experiences which are compounded by their disability, Dew offers a vision for a richer, more equitable society.

Every component of the drug fight needs to change, from the health care system to the justice system, from Homeland security to Congress. American lives depend on it.
The country has been buffeted by four deadly overlapping waves of the opioid crisis, starting with prescription painkillers followed by heroin, fentanyl, and now dangerous drug combinations of opioids with methamphetamine, cocaine, and other substances, often sold as pills via social media. Fatal overdoses, reduced from peak levels, is still disturbingly high. Further, drug addiction, which impacts 28 million Americans, remains unchanged. Why are the country's efforts to reduce overdoses, addiction and drug-related crime not working better? What can be done to get us back on track?
This bold new book answers these questions-not with glib rhetoric or easy solutions-but with straight talk and a clear roadmap to take on the crisis. It is time for Washington to own up to its own errors and change how it takes on the drug problem. Major reforms are urgently needed, innovations in public health, justice and social policies are spelled out throughout this book which address the opioid crisis and prepare us for whatever comes next.
Each chapter focuses on a hard lesson, detailing past failures and then outlining a path forward based on the author's lived experiences working on drug policy for over three decades, through both the crack cocaine and opioid epidemics and five administrations at the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP).
Recommended as the main text for courses that are focused specifically on drugs and society, war on drugs, crime and society, addiction or the opioid crisis. Higher level classes on public health, criminology, sociology, public administration, government it would be a good supplement, especially for those wanting to utilize the example of the opioid crisis as a case study on responses to this social problem of the opioid crisis and response, or the whole "failed war on drugs."

This book delves into the intricacies of disability inclusion and rehabilitation in modern India across all sectors. It addresses the profound societal inequalities, such as inclusive education, accessible transportation, legal rights, technology solutions, and early childhood care and education. Aligned with the principles articulated in the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 10-aimed at reducing inequalities-the book identifies challenges and offers practical strategies for fostering inclusivity across different sectors. It delves into the nuanced aspects of the quality of life for young adults with multiple disabilities, hurdles faced in inclusive classrooms, and legal challenges encountered by visually impaired faculties and students. Beyond academic discourse, it shares the lived experiences and perspectives of mothers, students, and teachers, sensitizing designers, promoting inclusiveness in sports, and emphasizing the transformative power of Universal Design for Learning. The book is a compelling amalgamation of perspectives from esteemed disability experts in diverse fields, ensuring a rich and comprehensive exploration of the subject matter. It serves as a roadmap for progress in disability inclusion and provides an exciting read to scholars, policymakers, educators, healthcare professionals, and advocates.

While Deafness can function as a cultural-linguistic identity with its own language and community norms, Deaf individuals may belong simultaneously to other social groups while sharing a Deaf identity.

Throughout this work, Belenyi and Flora interpret Deafness and ethnicity through the lens of Social Identity Theory (SIT), which posits that individuals derive part of their self-concept from membership in social groups and predicts that group memberships shape self-concept and self-esteem. While SIT has its limitations, newer adaptations, such as self-categorization theory and identity process theory, allow for more nuanced interpretations. With a focus on Hungarian ethnic-minority Deaf people in Romania-and their partners and communities-the authors examine these insights to understand how Deaf people in Romania balance their ethnic and Deaf identities.

Deaf people in East-Central Europe, especially in the multi-ethnic context of Romania, inhabit overlapping minority worlds. Although nation-building policies often emphasize linguistic and ethnic homogeneity, in practice Hungarian-Romanian relations within Deaf families and communities can reveal unexpected cultural bridges. This book combines a theoretical synthesis of Deaf identity, culture, and ethnicity with empirical life-course research to shed new light on how Deaf and ethnic identities intersect.

In this seminal book, the editors and authors provide both practical and scholarly guidance on social work practice, research, community engagement, and education by equipping readers with a comprehensive understanding of culturally sensitive and appropriate social work approaches for working with Koreans in the United States.
As a vital profession in American society, social work plays a pivotal role in enhancing the lives of Koreans and Korean Americans in the United States. To effectively support this ethnic community, social work practitioners, researchers, educators, and policymakers must not only understand Korean cultural nuances but also address the unique challenges and needs they face. Drawing on the latest empirical research, academic insights, and the practical experiences of social workers and other human service professionals, the editors and authors provide valuable guidelines, recommendations, and innovative tools for social work practice, research, community empowerment, and education-each directly applicable to serving the Korean American community.

Navigating the demands of an apprenticeship can be challenging. You are expected to understand multiple frameworks and standards while juggling university assignments and professional employment. Studying for your Social Work Apprenticeship is the first dedicated guide to support you through this unique journey. Packed with reflective activities and expert tips, this book will help you to build the knowledge and skills you need to become a confident social worker.

Inside, you will find guidance on:
- Deepening your understanding of the social work apprentice role
- Meeting apprenticeship requirements, including readiness for the End Point Assessment (EPA)
- Applying theory to practice and developing reflective skills
- Managing your wellbeing in an increasingly demanding profession
- Aligning your learning with Social Work professional standards (2019) and BASW's PCF framework (2018)

Written by a range of experienced professionals teaching and supporting apprentices, this book is an essential resource for anyone on the Social Work Apprenticeship programme.

During the last two decades, the European Union has come under increasing existential threat. Successive historic crises have called into question the EU's ability to meet the needs of its citizens, and effectively navigate the emerging challenges of the 21st century. From sovereign debt, Mediterranean migration, and Brexit to climate change, the Covid-19 pandemic, and spiralling conflicts just beyond its borders, the EU has struggled to carve out a meaningful path forward. Worse, through action or inaction, it has often failed to live up to the lofty ideals of its foundation. In response, the EU has faced a growing tide of Europhobic dissent, driven by insurgent populism and nationalism.
Left unanswered, this tide promises to overwhelm the EU and irretrievably damage the legitimacy of its institutions-or see them coopted into the chauvinist projects of a new and emboldened 'authoritarian international'. In light of this, progressive forces who value the positive role the EU can play in the world face a stark and urgent choice. They can give the EU a new fundamental vision, centred on elevating the situation of the worst-off in all corners of European society. Or they must reconcile themselves to losing it permanently as a force for freedom and equality, justice, solidarity, and pluralism across the European continent and beyond.
A Radical Bargain for Europe makes an impassioned case for the first of these two choices. It argues that social policy is the site where this new vision must be developed, as the live frontier of the latest debates over the course of European integration. And it presents the concept of a basic income as a concrete step towards fulfilling the promise of a 'social Europe'-folding in one of the greatest questions of modern social policy debates in many national contexts. This book presents an outline of what a European basic income (EUBI) would look like. It argues that, in its fundamental form, an EUBI has its attractions to a wide range of progressive ideologies, from the far left, greens, and social democracy to liberalism and Christian democracy. Each of these ideologies adds its own unique colour to the shape an EUBI could take, in principle and in practice. Yet all of them must work together in a broad 'agenda coalition' to take the next step towards European social integration, embrace an EUBI, and realise the EU's radical potential.

This book examines the influence of authoritarian rule on the development of the welfare state. Building on theoretical approaches from research on autocratic regimes and comparative welfare state research, it develops a novel theoretical argument on authoritarian pension policy. In a case study focusing on the development of the public pension system in Bulgaria during more than a century of authoritarian rule (1879-1989), it shows that distinct types of authoritarian regimes have different impact on the institutional design of the public pension system depending on their specific patterns of legitimation and ideological orientations.

This book shows how racial perception goes beyond the limits of sight. Drawing on Semiotic Cultural Psychology, it challenges the dominant visuocentric paradigm that equates race with visually apprehended phenotypic traits. Through an in-depth case study of a congenitally blind individual, the author demonstrates that racial distinctions are not self-evident to the senses but emerge through socially mediated, symbolic, and affective processes.

Integrating insights from psychology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and disability studies, the volume explores how race operates as a dynamic, culturally constructed sign within intersubjective relations. It critically revisits Brazilian racial classification systems, affirmative action controversies, and heteroidentification procedures, exposing the contradictions between race as a social construct and the visual essentialism embedded in current practices. The book advances a theoretical framework that reconceptualizes racial identity as a dimension of body image-biopsychosocial, historically situated, and affectively charged.

Combining rigorous theoretical analysis with qualitative methodology, Race Beyond Vision: A Semiotic-Cultural Study of Racial Perception and Blindness contributes to debates on race, perception, and embodiment by revealing how blind individuals participate fully in the social construction of race. It will appeal to scholars and graduate students in cultural psychology, critical race studies, semiotics, and disability studies, as well as researchers interested in epistemology and qualitative inquiry.

This book reveals how ableism permeates cultural portrayals of crime. What does it mean to consume crime narratives that are so thoroughly ableist? While there are many interpretations of crime in media, there is not yet a sustained analysis of its ableist underpinnings and the social and cultural significance of its seemingly endless consumption. Using a range of texts as illustrative material, each chapter explores a strand of the ableist imaginary, how it underpins crime narrativization, and how it is normalized via our consumption. This book argues that the portrayal of crime constitutes a major site for the articulation and defense of ableist thinking. As such, it is a cultural practice replete with symbolic, social and political effects that hamper the lives of disabled people while securing the privileges appended to bodyminds that pass as "normal." Drawing on radical constructivist logic, this book speaks to those interested in representations of crime and contributes to the emerging subfield of crip criminology.

There is a conspicuous void of analyses about the economic and policy analysis of heart disease research funding in the United States and in other countries. This book discusses the economic and policy dimensions of heart disease research-the leading cause of death in the United States and globally-and it provides a comprehensive overview of the contributions of the primary US funding agency for heart disease research, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) within the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). It offers policymakers metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of the US Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program-a key funding program within NHLBI. It includes information focused on health policy, reauthorizations of the NHLBI's programs, and more. The resulting book provides a useful structure to help decision makers understand the use and allocation of resources that support health research.

This open access book analyses Latin American countries' state capacity based on these countries' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The causes and consequences of uneven state capacity have been a popular academic debate in social welfare provision during the last decades. The pandemic raises further concerns. The making and implementation of infection-preventive measures have relied on the capability of the state authority to deploy health infrastructure, provide timely and extensive health services, and mobilize policy tools to build desirable collective action either by coercive or non-coercive means. In this sense, the global pandemic "presents a rare naturally occurring experiment" to draw comparative lessons.

Additionally, amid the burgeoning COVID-19 literature worldwide, Latin America stood out as a region that provides an important reference to the comparative perspective on the global pandemic. It unfolded one of the worst scenarios, particularly during the first year of the pandemic, evident in the major indicators such as infected cases, death tolls, and mortality rates. So, not all of the Global South hit the score evenly, making Latin America remarkably worse in inter-regional terms than Africa and Asia, making it one of the epicenters of the pandemic. Academic studies have added nuance to this picture by suggesting intra-regional variations. Latin American countries differed in many critical ways, including early successes and failures in containing virus spreads, political leadership and coordination, and measures taken for social distancing. Subnational variations were also remarkable in federal regimes. This multi-layered diversity thus provides seedbeds for the identification and test of theoretical puzzles.

COVID-19 and State Capacity in Latin America: Comparative Perspectives on Responses to the Pandemic will be a valuable resource for political scientists and researchers from many other disciplines within the social sciences interested in the study of state capacity and social welfare provision.