社会福祉・社会保障 — 全 下位分類

Disability in Africa has received significant attention as a dimension of global development and humanitarian initiatives. Little international attention is given, however, to the ways in which disability is discussed and addressed in specific countries in Africa. Little is known also about the ways in which persons with disabilities have advocated for themselves over the past one hundred years and how their needs were or were not met in locations across the continent. Kenya has been on the forefront of disability activism and disability rights since the middle of the twentieth century. The country was among the first African states to create a legal framework addressing the rights of persons with disabilities, namely the Persons with Disabilities Act of 2003. Kenya, however, has a much longer history of institutions and organizations that are dedicated to addressing the specific needs of persons with disabilities, and substantial developments have occurred since the introduction of the legal framework in 2003.

Disability and Social Justice in Kenya: Scholars, Policymakers, and Activists in Conversation is the first interdisciplinary and multivocal study of its kind to review achievements and challenges related to the situation of persons with disabilities in Kenya today, in light of the country's longer history of disability and the wide range of local practices and institutions. It brings together scholars, activists, and policymakers who comment on topics including education, the role of activism, the legal framework, culture, the impact of the media, and the importance of families and the community.

In-depth and innovative, The Fundamental Institution offers an overdue portrait of rural social welfare in the United States.

Under this new "science of work," fatigue was seen as the ultimate pathology of the working-class body, reducing workers' capacity to perform continued physical or mental labor. As Steffan Blayney shows, the equation between health and efficiency did not go unchallenged. While biomedical and psychological experts sought to render the body measurable, governable, and intelligible, ordinary men and women found ways to resist the logics of productivity and efficiency imposed on them, and to articulate alternative perspectives on work, health, and the body.

This textbook offers a comprehensive analysis of medical decision-making under uncertainty by combining test information theory with expected utility theory. The authors show how the parameters of Bayes' theorem can be combined with a value function of health states in order to arrive at informed test and treatment decisions in the face of diagnostic and therapeutic risks. Distinguishing between risk-neutral, risk-averse, and prudent decision-makers, they demonstrate the effects of risk preferences on medical decisions. Furthermore, they analyze individual and multiple tests as well as diagnostic models in which the decision-maker chooses the test outcome. The consequences of test and treatment decisions for the patient are encompassed by quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the standard economic model, which applies the willingness to pay for health approach. Lastly, non-expected utility models of choice under risk and uncertainty are presented. Although these models can explainsome of the test and treatment decisions observed, they are less suitable for normative analyses aimed at providing guidance on medical decision-making.

This third edition provides extensively revised versions of all chapters and reflects recent innovations in medical decision-making such as decision curve analysis. New chapters focus on the health economics of and revealed preferences in medical decisions. The book is intended for students of (health) economics and medicine as well as for medical decision-makers and physicians dealing with uncertainty in their test and treatment decisions.

This book provides a multidisciplinary analysis of the many socio-economic challenges posed by COVID-19 pandemic across international boundaries, disrupting the economic system and life styles globally. It starts by setting the historical context of the pandemic and proceeds to describe the impact on the Indian economy, how certain sections of the population have become economically and psychologically vulnerable. International experts from diverse fields-development economics, macroeconomics, corporate finance, history, sociology, psychology, public policy, and urban studies-contribute to this exciting analysis of an Indian and global society at the crossroads. The book examines emerging themes related to global economic revival, intellectual property rights over the vaccine, and rupturing of the global supply chains. It discusses the response of institutions and markets to the global pandemic. It closes with a futuristic look at the new society and global system that may emerge out of the chaos. A valuable resource appealing to a wide readership across the social sciences and the humanities. Readers include undergraduate students, postgraduate students, researchers and academic teachers, and also public policy experts.

A 360-degree look at health care politics, policy, providers, and personalization that offers leaders important perspectives to successfully shape US health care after COVID-19

Over the past decade, the health economy has experienced the most dramatic change since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The Affordable Care Act's expansion of Medicaid, demographic-driven Medicare growth, and the digitization of health records have rapidly changed the traditional dynamics of the field-and the pandemic has accelerated this process. Experienced and aspiring health sector leaders must navigate an increasingly complex health care landscape in order to conceive, create, and implement solutions to improve our health care system now and in the future.

The New Health Economy provides health professionals with a 360-degree look at the field by exploring four pillars of the health economy: politics, policy, providers, and personalization. Topics covered include the federal government's role as the largest payer and regulator of health care, health care finance and the shift from the fee-for-service model toward value-based care, the increasing consolidation of provider networks, and data-driven personalizations inside and outside of the field. Drawing from interviews with top leaders in the field-including a former CDC director, a former FDA commissioner, and the current CEOs of Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson-this essential guide compares each sector before and during the COVID-19 crisis. These comparisons shed light on how the pandemic has accelerated recent trends in health care and provide leaders with an outline for a strategic path forward.

The New Health Economy brings together the best thinking from across the health care sector, providing insight into COVID-19's impact on the health economy and setting the ground rules required to shape a new health care system as we emerge from the pandemic. This valuable resource will benefit CEOs and other leaders in the health economy, from hospitals to provider networks and beyond.

With Sweden traditionally hailed as a social and economic model, it is no wonder that the Swedish response to the COVID-19 pandemic raised a lot of questions - and eyebrows - around the world. This short book explores Sweden's unique response to the global pandemic and the strong wave of controversies it triggered.

It helps to make sense of the response by defining 'a Swedish model' that incorporates the country's value system, underpinning its politics and administration in relation to, among other things, welfare, democracy, civil liberties and respect for expertise. The book also acts as a case study for understanding the moral and normative ways in which different national approaches to the pandemic have been compared.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected communities of color while highlighting the prevalence of structural racism in the United States. This crucial collection of essays, written by leading scholars from the fields of communications, political science, health, philosophy, and geography, explores the manifold ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted upon Black, Latinx, and Indigenous communities and the way we see race relations in the United States.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the significance of U.S. health inequalities, which the World Health Organization defines as "avoidable [and] unfair." It has also highlighted structural racism, specifically, institutions, practices, values, customs, and policies that differentially allocate resources and opportunities so as to increase inequity among racial groups. Navarro and Hernandez therefore argue that the COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed a race war in America that has further marginalized communities of color by limiting access to resources by different racial and ethnic minorities, particularly women within these communities. Moreover, the systemic policies of the past that upheld or failed to address the unequal social conditions affecting Blacks, Latinxs, and other minorities have now been magnified with COVID-19. The volume concludes by offering recommendations to prevent future humanitarian crises from exacerbating racial divisions and having a disproportionate impact upon ethnic minorities.

This timely volume will be of great interest to those interested in the study of race and the social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

Amid a global health crisis, the process for declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) is at a crossroads.

As a formal declaration by the World Health Organization, a PHEIC is governed by clear legislation as to what is, and what is not, deemed a global health security threat. However, it has become increasingly politicized, and the legal criteria now appear to be secondary to the political motivation or outcome of the announcement. Addressing multiple empirical case studies, including COVID-19, this multidisciplinary book explores the relationship between international law and international relations to interrogate how a PHEIC is declared and its role in how we collectively respond to outbreaks.

Book offers a new personal, philosophical and conceptual perspective of human health and the outdoors
Can be used as a basis of innovative training in various fields of mental and physical education
Inspires to a changing lifestyle and offers innovative natural meditation techniques alongside effective mindfulness methods.

In Soviet Nightingales, Susan Grant tracks nursing care in the Soviet Union from its nineteenth-century origins in Russia through the end of the Soviet state. With the advent of the USSR, nurses were instrumental in helping to build the New Soviet Person and in constructing a socialist society.

Disease and illness were rampant in the early 1920s after years of war, revolution, and famine. The demand for nurses was great, but how might these workers best serve the country's needs? By examining living and working conditions, nurse-patient relations, education, and attempts at international nursing cooperation, Grant recounts the history of the Bolshevik effort to define the "Soviet" nurse and organize a new system of socialist care for the masses. Although the Bolsheviks aimed to transform healthcare along socialist lines, they ultimately failed as the struggle to train skilled medical workers became entangled in politics. Soviet Nightingales draws on rich archival research from Russia, the United States, and Britain to describe how ideology reinvented the role of the nurse and shaped the profession.

A time-tested, landmark approach to health promotion and communication projects and everything that goes into making them successful.

For more than 40 years, the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, developed in the early 1970s by Lawrence W. Green and first published as a text in 1980 with Marshall W. Kreuter, Sigrid G. Deeds, and Kay B. Partridge, has been effectively applied worldwide to address a broad range of health issues: risk factors like tobacco and lack of exercise, social determinants of health such as lack of access to transportation and safe housing, and major disease challenges like heart disease and guinea worm disease. In Health Program Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation, Green and his team of senior editors and chapter authors combine their expertise to offer a high-level guide to public health programming. This guide aligns with foundational public health competencies required by increasingly rigorous certification and accreditation standards. Driven by the coronavirus pandemic and a looming climate crisis, the book addresses the rapid changes in modern-day conceptions of disease prevention and health promotion.

Today's public health practitioners and researchers are often called upon to address a complex web of factors, including population inequities, that influence health status, from biology to social and structural determinants. Program and policy solutions to population health challenges require systematic planning, implementation, and evaluation. Providing students with knowledge, skills, and a range of tools, the book recognizes new approaches to communication and fresh methods for reaching a greater diversity of communities.

The authors highlight the importance of starting the population health planning process with an inclusive assessment of the social needs and quality-of-life concerns of the community. They explain how to assess health problems systematically in epidemiological terms and address the behavioral and environmental determinants of the most important and changeable health problems. They also cover procedures for assessing and developing the capacity of communities and organizations to implement and evaluate programs. Drawing on more than 1,200 published applications of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, Health Program Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation features numerous case studies and contributions from internationally recognized experts, including governmental, academic, and community public health leaders, giving readers a thorough and well-rounded view of the subject. Ultimately, it is an up-to-date powerhouse for community and global health promotion at all levels.

Contributors: Faten Ben Abdelaziz, John P. Allegrante, Patricia Chalela, Cam Escoffery, Maria E. Fernandez, Jonathan E. Fielding, Robert S. Gold, Shelly Golden, Holly Hunt, Vanya C. Jones, Michelle C. Kegler, Gerjo Kok, Lloyd J. Kolbe, Chris Y. Lovato, Rodney Lyn, Guy Parcel, Janey C. Peterson, Nico Pronk, Amelie G. Ramirez, Paul Terry

New insights into the anxiety over infant sleep safety
New parents are inundated with warnings about the fatal risks of "co-sleeping," or sharing a bed with a newborn, from medical brochures and website forums, to billboard advertisements and the evening news. In Losing Sleep, Laura Harrison uncovers the origins of the infant sleep safety debate, providing a window into the unprecedented anxieties of modern parenthood.
Exploring widespread rhetoric from doctors, public health experts, and the media, Harrison explains why our panic has reached an all-time high. She traces the way safe sleep standards in the United States have changed, and shows how parents, rather than broader systems of inequality that impact issues of housing and precarity, are increasingly being held responsible for infant health outcomes. Harrison shows that infant mortality rates differ widely by race and are linked to socioeconomic status. Yet, while racial disparities in infant mortality point to systemic and structural causes, the discourse around infant sleep safety often suggests that individual parents can protect their children from these tragic outcomes, if only they would make the right choices about safe sleep.
Harrison argues that our understanding of sleep-related infant death, and the crisis of infant mortality in general, has burdened parents, especially parents of color, in increasingly punitive ways. As the government takes a more visible role in criminalizing parents, including those whose children die in their sleep, this book provides much-needed insight into a new era of parenthood.