社会福祉・社会保障 — 全 下位分類

This handbook provides a comprehensive global survey and assessment of the law and policy relating to homelessness prevention. Homelessness is regarded internationally as one of the most pressing issues facing humanity and one of the greatest social challenges of our times. This has been further amplified as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Across the globe, there is an enormous divergence in both experiences of and responses to homelessness from governments and state actors. This handbook examines how different jurisdictions from across all five continents of the world have encountered, framed and responded to homelessness. Written by expert scholars and leaders in their field, the book engages in a multidisciplinary and comparative analysis of homelessness as an issue of acute social concern. Understandings of homelessness are geographically, culturally and historically situated, making analysis of each jurisdiction's approach by a national expert deeply insightful. The collection examines legal and extra-legal policy interventions targeted at reducing or preventing homelessness from across the globe. Drawing on diverse perspectives, differing cultures and welfare regimes, it thus constitutes a timely evaluation of current approaches to homelessness internationally. This book will appeal to students and scholars of homelessness, sociology, social policy, anthropology, and urban sociology, as well as international and national policymakers.

This book argues that the catastrophe of COVID-19 provided a momentous time for groups, institutions, and states to reassess their worldviews and relationship to the entire world. Following multiple case studies across dozens of countries throughout the course of the pandemic, this book is a timely contribution to cultural knowledge about the pandemic and the viral politics at the heart of it.

Mapping the various forms of global consciousness and connectivity engendered by the crisis, the book offers the framework of "viral worlding," defined as viral forms of relationality, becoming, and communication. It demonstrates how worlding or world-making processes accelerated with the novel coronavirus. New emergent forms of being global "went viral" to address conditions of inequality as well as forge possibilities for societal transformation. Considering the tumult wrought by the pandemic, Bui analyzes progressive movements for democracy, abolition, feminism, environmentalism, and socialism against the world-shattering forces of capitalism, authoritarianism, racism, and militarism. Focusing on ways the pandemic disproportionately impacted marginalized communities, particularly in the Global South, this book juxtaposes the closing of their lifeworlds and social worlds by hegemonic global actors with increased collective demands for freedom, mobility, and justice by vulnerable people.

The breadth and depth of the book thus provides students, scholars, and general readers with critical insights to understanding the world(s) of COVID-19 and collective efforts to build better new ones.

Fully updated for the second edition, this text provides a concise and informative introduction to how global health is governed, exploring the ways in which we understand global health governance, exposing its complex nature, and asking who or what really governs global health, to what outcome, and for whom.

Governing outbreaks, emergencies, pandemics, access to medicines, non-communicable diseases, and the financing of fully functioning health systems remain among the biggest challenges national and international policymakers and practitioners face. While COVID-19 made apparent the tensions, contestations, and complexity of governing health threats, to understand what could and should have worked during the pandemic requires a comprehensive understanding of the actors, approaches, and issues that make up global health.

Divided into three parts, the book examines the different actors who participate in global health governance, their powers, interests, ways of working, relationships, and how their roles have changed over time. It explores different approaches to global health governance, focusing on the ways global health issues have been conceptualised and understood, and how this has shaped global health politics and the ways the key actors work. Finally, it examines different issues, and how the actors and their approaches have addressed health emergencies and everyday health inequities.

Global Health Governance provides a comprehensive introduction to researchers and students new to the field of global health governance, and a vital resource and reference point for established scholars and practitioners working in the field of global health.

This book is a powerful addition to a developing literature informed by arts and humanities research carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic. Investigating the impacts of crisis governance and decision-making on people and populations, the book brings together microbial organisms and humans, children and data, decision-making and infection prevention, publics and process, global vaccine distribution and citizens' juries. Through its eight chapters, the book stimulates broadly-drawn discussions about exceptional executive powers in an emergency, the role of trust, and the importance of the principles of good governance - such as selflessness, ethics, integrity, accountability and honesty in leadership. The lessons drawn out in this book will support future decision-makers in both ordinary times and extra-ordinary emergencies.
An electronic edition of this book is freely available under a Creative Commons (CC BY) licence.

This book follows the lives of female Jewish refugees who fled Nazi persecution and became nurses. Nursing was nominally a profession but with its poor pay and harsh discipline, it was unpopular with British women. In the years preceding the Second World War, hospitals in Britain suffered chronic nurse staffing crises. As the country faced inevitable war, the Government and the profession's elite courted refugees as an antidote to the shortages, but many hospitals refused to employ Continental Jews.
The book explores the changes in the refugees' status and lives from the war years to the foundation of the National Health Service and to the latter decades of the twentieth century. It places the refugees at the forefront of manoeuvres in nursing practice, education and research at a time of social upheaval and alterations in the position of women.

This book examines the Thatcher government's attempt to revolutionise Britain's pensions system in the 1980s and create a nation of risk-taking savers with an individual stake in capitalism. Drawing upon recently-released archival records, it shows how the ideas motivating these reforms journeyed from the writings of neoliberal intellectuals into government and became the centrepiece of a plan to abolish significant parts of the UK's welfare state and replace these with privatised personal pensions. Revealing a government that veered between political caution and radicalism, the book explains why this revolution failed and charts the malign legacy left by the evolutionary changes that ministers salvaged from the wreckage of their reforms.

The book contributes to understanding of policy change, Thatcherism, and international neoliberalism by showing how major reforms to social security could reflect neoliberal thought and yet profoundly disappoint their architects.

This book offers a new critical framework for understanding the processes of politicising and gendering care for older people and their manifestations in several European contexts. It interrogates how care for older adults varies across time and place while searching for an in-depth comprehension of how it becomes an arena of political struggle and the object of public policy in different countries and at various societal and political levels. It brings together multidisciplinary contributions that examine the issue of care for older people as a political concern from many angles, such as problematising care needs, long-term care policies, home care services, institutional services and family care. The contributions reveal the diversity of situations in which the processes of politicising and gendering care for older adults overlap, contradict or reinforce each other while leading to increased gender (in)equalities on different levels.
An electronic edition of this book is freely available under a Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.

Advertising Disability invites Cultural Disability Studies to consider how advertising, as one of the most ubiquitous forms of popular culture, shapes attitudes towards disability.
The research presented in the book provides a much-needed examination of the ways in which disability and mental health issues are depicted in different types of advertising, including charity 'sadvertisements', direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertisements and 'pro-diversity' brand campaigns. Textual analyses of advertisements from the eighteenth century onwards reveal how advertising reinforces barriers facing disabled people, such as stigmatising attitudes, ableist beauty 'ideals', inclusionism and the unstable crutch of charity.
As well as investigating how socio-cultural meanings associated with disability are influenced by multimodal forms of communication in advertising, insights from empirical research conducted with disabled women in the United Kingdom and the United States are provided. Moving beyond traditional textual approaches to analysing cultural representations, the book emphasises how disabled people and activists develop counternarratives informed by their personal experiences of disability, challenging ableist messages promoted by advertisements. From start to finish, activist concepts developed by the Disabled People's Movement and individuals' embodied knowledge surrounding disability, impairments and mental health issues inform critiques of advertisements.
Its critically informed approach to analysing portrayals of disability is relevant to advertisers, scholars and students in advertising studies and media studies who are interested in portraying diversity in marketing and promotional materials as well as scholars and students of disability studies and sociology more broadly.

The first volume in the Lucy Cavendish College Lecture Series, Coercion and Trust, provides a unique, multi-disciplinary dialogue on the complex links between coercion and trust from perspectives in the social sciences, medicine, and literature, combining high-quality academic research with professional recommendations.

Part I analyses adolescent-adult relationships in youth fiction alongside research on the sexual coercion of women, and the link between animal and domestic violence. Part II investigates blind trust and coercion in social media grooming, challenges, and solutions to coercion by misinformation. Part III investigates coercion and trust in migration-detention-deportation, kidnapping in violent political campaigns, and sentencing in rehabilitation.

The book makes a significant, original contribution to multi-disciplinary research, professional practice, and advanced development, with theoretical and empirical chapters linking theory, practice, and training. This book will be of interest to academic researchers, professional practitioners, and postgraduate students in research and training in multiple fields across the social sciences, humanities, and medicine, for whom there is no comparable book available worldwide.

Providing a comparison between context in Europe and the US, this volume investigates the digital transformation of health systems, comparing strategies for digital development while identifying both key innovations and future challenges.

The book covers a wide spectrum of topics, from explaining the nature of individual innovations to an analysis of demand-side and supply-side barriers, including funding issues and technological access. It also explores where digitalization is already playing an important role, for example, in clinical trials and disease modeling.

Concluding with guidance for policy recommendations, this important book will interest students, scholars, and practitioners across health and social care, medicine, and beyond.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

New Welfare Policy and Democratic Politics in India offers an analysis of India's welfare policy during the last couple of decades. It looks at how welfare policy making is viewed as a function of party competition and voter mobilization, showing a gradual transformation of political clients into entitled citizens through which democratic politics in India has redefined its contemporary welfare discourse.

The book argues that political parties formulate policies in order to respond to the voices of citizens and shows that a new welfare architecture emerged in India, characterized as responsive welfare. India has witnessed a sharp rise in such voices, which have been disadvantaged by a globalizing market. The size and vulnerability of this group has made them politically significant and electorally salient. These welfare aspirants have found a new political space through political parties to negotiate and assert their claims on the state, creating a milestone in India's democratic politics trajectory, in the form of entitlement-based welfare policy. The book compares and evaluates the implications of these new welfare policies in the contexts of two governments: the Congress-led government during 2009-2014 and the BJP-led government during 20014-2019. The empirical data reveal remarkable similarities in their electoral pledges, policy outputs, policy outcomes and accountability towards citizens. These findings indicate significant convergence in their welfare policies, sans ideology or ethnic support base. It also reveals that the ideological differences among the two major parties do not prevent remarkable continuities in the formulation and implementation of welfare policies during their incumbencies, thus allowing for a bipartisan acceptance of a citizen-centric welfare policy.

Offering a new analysis to understand this citizen-party-policy linkage in the formulation of welfare policy in India, the book presents a macro analysis of India's interface between democratic politics and welfare policy. It will be of interest to researchers in the fields of the politics of welfare, democratisation in changing societies, comparative politics and Indian and South Asian Studies and Asian Politics.

This volume captures the social, political, psychological, administrative, and policy dimensions of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indian context. The book is divided into four parts. Part I highlights social narratives from underprivileged workers, ASHA workers, the LGBTIQ+ community, and sanitary workers. It documents their struggles to develop mitigation, adaptation, and resilience strategies. Part II includes case studies and stories of self-management, the mental health of students from rural and urban Maharashtra, and of caregivers. It unveils the path of transformation of self to deal with the issues of anxiety and emotional turmoil caused during and due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Part III consists of resilience, philosophical hope, and solidarity, which reflect the contribution of seva by the Sikh community. It also highlights the contribution of government organizations like Indian Railways, Air India, and the Employee Provident Fund Organization to provide relief to both the people of India and Indians residing abroad to bring people back to the country during the unprecedented times. Part IV discusses the responses of various states of India to the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of policies by the government of India during those times.

Based on empirical research work, this book will be useful for students, teachers, researchers, behavioral scientists, and practitioners of psychology, sociology, human geography, mental health, political science, public health, and public policy. This book will also be of interest to policymakers and the general public to understand the intricacies involved and the essential propositions with regard to pandemics.

Leaders of healthcare organizations and students aspiring to become one, should be asking themselves one thing in these financially challenging times: how can they maintain a strategic and competitive advantage over other players in their market? Some healthcare organizations have faced extremely poor financial performance in recent years, with data suggesting that up to 10% of hospitals will go bankrupt or face closure within the next 10 years. Yet, little pragmatic evidence exists to offer insights into how to create better strategies to improve performance, build resiliency and align stakeholders.

Essentials of Healthcare Strategy and Performance Management explores the most critical components of business strategy and performance management for modern, complex healthcare organizations. Using pragmatic and real-world evidence, this book provides essential briefings on key topics that every current or aspiring leader needs to know in order to better manage strategy and achieve improved performance in their hospital or health system. We will also specifically focus on implementation of strategy, and best practices for some of the most important quality management techniques. We hope this book helps inspire leaders to be creative in formulating more effective competitive strategy.

An Introduction to Inclusive Healthcare Design is a comprehensive guide to the design and facilitation of safe, healthy, equitable, and inclusive healthcare settings across a variety of scales. The book informs healthcare professionals, healthcare administrators, planners, designers in the healthcare sector, design students, and faculty about best practices and considerations for inclusive design.

The primary theme for the book is design for all - considering the design of healthcare spaces through the lenses of inclusivity and social equity. Part 1 presents the reader with an overview of the variety of locations and types of healthcare settings. Part 2 provides a comprehensive overview of the principles of equitable and inclusive healthcare design and considers how these principles can be applied to the range of settings laid out in Part 1. The authors consider inclusivity-supportive infrastructure in primary and ancillary spaces within healthcare settings. Part 3 envisions the future of inclusive healthcare design, considering the integration of virtual reality and artificial intelligence, as well as addressing the ever more relevant issue of healthcare provision in settings at risk of natural disasters.

Why do some clinicians make better decisions than others?

Do all clinicians become better decision-makers over time?

Is decision-making in healthcare an independent and trainable skill?

This book is about the practice of medicine and the decision-making of the people we entrust with our care. While treatments, technologies and professional roles have evolved over the years, the essential act of decision-making has remained constant.

Through personal experience, research and feedback from colleagues across healthcare, the authors examine how metacognition - or thinking about thinking - can provide a toolkit with which to improve the decision-making of all healthcare professionals.

The rise of digital tools and AI-based clinical support systems makes this a critical time to grasp how human decision-makers operate and how to best harness the increasing volume of healthcare data available.

This is a thought-provoking read for professionals and curious minds alike, packed with ideas and practical advice about how to improve decision-making in healthcare and deliver better outcomes for patients.

How will the Covid-19 pandemic be remembered? What did it mean to people? How did it feel? This book provides a compelling account of the pandemic as it was experienced in the UK.

Everyday Life in the Covid-19 Pandemic is a democratic history based on the 5,000 diaries collected by Mass Observation on 12 May 2020. It is a record of what many of these diarists wrote, from a wide range of positions, in a variety of voices and on a wealth of different subjects. The book shines a light on their lives on the day in question, their experiences during the first two months of the pandemic, and their hopes and fears for the coming months and years. The diaries capture much of everyday life in the pandemic for millions of people in the UK and beyond: the activities, events, and rituals (from funerals to working from home); the sites and stages (from shops to Zoom); the roles and categories (from 'key workers' to 'vulnerable groups'); the frames (from luck to 'the new normal'); and the moods (from anxiety to grief).

In these diaries, we see what people did when the pandemic arrived in the UK, but also what people thought and felt - how they interpreted the pandemic experience and gave it meaning. We see both how the nation responded and the nation who responded. The book also includes two essays offering expert contextualisation of the diaries and discussion of their value for narrating the pandemic and presenting everyday life.

The book explores the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on nations across the globe since early 2020. It hosts a variety of perspectives within economic, social and development research studies, providing contemporary and proper information. The book also presents policy prescriptions for developing economies, critiques the system of disease surveillance and waste management, and defines a vision for India's development. It also mirrors issues related to digitisation, marginalisation, government regulations and health systems and provides original ideas for innovative methodologies suitable for higher education.

Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan)

This book examines disease in the context of gender discrimination. It highlights and explores how socio-economic, political, cultural, and gender dimensions play a crucial role in understanding and defining disease.

Through two broad categories - non-literary and literary - the volume discusses concerns such as media representation of gender, racial violence, domestic violence, and healthcare discrimination during Covid-19 pandemic, and focuses on the literary representation of gender discrimination related to diseases within and beyond South Asia. The chapters are based on fieldwork, demographic investigations, and statistics that offer a clear and comprehensive insight into the problems.

This book will be beneficial to students and researchers of gender studies, pandemic studies, literature, anthropology, social sciences, and disease humanities.

Drawing on activist campaign literature and materials, broadcast media, and new oral history interviews, Severs reconstructs and discusses the overlooked world of radical AIDS activism in England. This book provides one of the first detailed histories of the radical HIV/AIDS movement in England, following ACT UP's travels from New York to London via prominent queer intellectuals, and reconstructing the vibrant theatrical campaigns staged by ACT UP groups across England.

Radical Acts explores expressions of activism that were far more common than demonstrations and marches. Manifestations of a political commitment to ameliorating the injustices facing people living with HIV permeated most aspects of everyday life. These forms of 'everyday activism' played out in workplaces, universities and church halls across England, as well as through networks that stretched across Europe and North America. This book breaks new ground by studying the radical alongside the everyday, presenting a diverse constellation of activist responses to the epidemic.

The 'baby boom' generation, born between the 1940s and the 1960s, is often credited with pioneering new and creative ways of relating, doing intimacy and making families. With this cohort now entering mid and later life in Britain, they are also said to be revolutionising the experience of ageing. Are the romantic practices of this 'revolutionary cohort' breaking with tradition and allowing new ways of understanding and doing ageing and relating to emerge? Based on an innovative combination of sensory ethnography in salsa classes and life history interviews, this book documents the meanings of desire and romance, and 'new' - or renewed - intimacies, among women in mid and later life.

Beginning with women at a transition point, when newly single or newly dating in midlife, the chapters look back over life histories to examine prior relationship experiences at different life stages, and look forward to hopes for future intimacies. In the navigation of romance and new relationships we see the sensory, sensual and affective nature of heteronormativity, and gendered practices that are informed by memories of the past, the imagination of previous generations and class-based desires. Challenging conventional notions of the baby boomers, this book illuminates the intersections of age, class, and white normativity, making important contributions to our understanding of ageing and generation, intimacy and gender.

This book is an up-to-date reference on some of the major global health issues and the role of nutrition in their prevention and management. The book covers undernutrition, degenerative diseases, mental health disorders and COVID-19 and reviews feeding and eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia, binge-eating, and delineates the risk factors and management. The book addresses the gaps in tackling these health problems and proposes comprehensive models and frameworks to manage them.

Key Features:

• Explores practical solutions and management of looming health issues in terms of diet and nutrition
• Reviews health threats like obesity, diabetes, hypertension and COVID-19
• Includes a section on feeding and eating disorders and sustainable models to manage them
• Covers mental-health issues like depression and dementia
• Discusses conditions like undernutrition, hidden hunger, and cardiovascular diseases

The book is meant for health professionals, nutritionists, and policymakers. It is also useful for post-graduates in public health and nutrition.

Social Structure Adaptation to COVID-19 offers global, interdisciplinary perspectives that examine how the COVID-19 pandemic has altered the development trajectory of schools, public health, the workforce, and technology adoption. It explores social themes in society, economy, policy, and culture and draws on a social framework to describe key functions of societal adaptation to the pandemic.

Edited by Suresh Nanwani and William Loxley, the volume is grounded in the study of system components and their objectives to improve overall well-being given the ill effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Chapters explore interconnected social networks and how sectors restructured themselves to stabilize or transform society. International contributors from 20 countries offer case studies that highlight key themes including personal connectivity, societal equality, well-being, big data, and national resilience. They predict how impactful the pandemic might be in reshaping the future and assess how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected school system shutdown, public health collapse, business closures, public policy failure, and technology-driven social media acceleration.

Offering insights into how institutions and sectors work together in times of crisis, and how COVID-19 has restructured social behavior, Social Structure Adaptation to COVID-19 will be valuable reading for scholars and students of sociology, political science, anthropology, comparative international development, psychology, and education. It will also be of interest to policymakers concerned with education, work and organizations, and media and technology.

The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 international license.

Communication, advocacy and outreach are germane to the success of any organization working in the social sector. This book provides a robust conceptual framework that is required for understanding the demands of the sector, suggests strategies, and tools, and provides hands-on skills to those engaged in social sector communication including the government, which invests heavily into the sector.

This book not only highlights the theoretical underpinnings, practice, and skill of social sector communications in India, but also provides an understanding of various tools and strategies required in the development of communication encompassing social marketing, media advocacy, social mobilization, grassroots communication, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). With the aid of case studies, it offers tips on how to plan campaigns; write a concept note, field report, and press release, and effectively use social media to achieve developmental program goals. The book discusses the different perspectives of NGOs and program implementers and helps in understanding the corporate--NGO interface vis-a-vis CSR projects.

This book will be useful to students of social work, business and management preparing for roles in social enterprises. It will also be of use to working professionals in the social sector.

This book examines Nordic cities from 1850 and their transformation from traditional, oligarchic towns to modern, inclusive welfare cities.

In the contemporary world, the role of cities as hotbeds for progressive change has become increasingly topical. Historical studies on how Nordic cities addressed social and environmental questions a hundred years ago and how they eventually created new and inclusive policies for the future is a useful contribution to the current debate. The concept of the welfare city is addressed and elaborated upon to analyse the attempts by urban authorities to solve the problems following industrialization and urbanization. From the late nineteenth century, municipal public services promoted the integration of new groups in the urban community including workers, immigrants, women and children. The contributions in this book analyse various examples of welfare and public services that include infrastructure and transport systems, health care, housing conditions, outdoor life and entertainment. The chapters highlight the arguments and considerations promoting welfare policies, while also addressing differences between the Nordic countries. The evolution of the Nordic welfare city was a process of several overlapping phases or dimensions.

This volume will be of value to students and scholars alike interested in urban history, social and cultural history and European history.

Chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 11 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

This book tells the story of an epochal change in the human condition that was part of what is often thought of as 'modernization' -a process that remade culture and society in France in the 19th and 20th centuries. Hygiene, Steven Zdatny convincingly contends, was that change. He reflects on how the development of hygiene: changed the way people thought about and treated their bodies; put an end to age-old afflictions and brought comfort where discomfort had been the unavoidable companion of existence; and helped produce a tripling of life expectancy.

The book considers how the evolution of hygiene produced a society where people washed often, changed their clothes every day, lived without lice and scabies, and performed their natural functions indoors. It reflects on developments in industrial plumbing, public education, government investment, the invention of new products to keep bodies and homes clean, and a parallel makeover in the expectations, sensibilities, and practices about what is 'proper' and what is disgusting. These developments, the study reveals, were not steady and did not happen everywhere at the same pace. But in the fullness of time, they produced a revolution in the human condition.

In this book, Susan A. Lord shares important stories and lessons from two undergraduate and two postgraduate clinical internships as colorful narratives that will augment texts in undergraduate and graduate practicum seminar classes. The chapters engage with fundamental issues, including the importance of safety and relationship-building, good supervision, the complexities of situationally determining what constitutes ethical practice, boundary-setting, suicide assessment, and professional identity development. Narratives about making mistakes, or "learning the hard way", include being robbed at gunpoint in Chicago, being stalked by a client, and sexual harassment.

Each chapter concludes with a list of reflection, small group discussion, and class discussion questions designed to help the reader more deeply engage with the material on a personal, academic, and professional level. Written for students who are excited to begin their practicum experiences, this book explores how these experiences might be addressed and crucially stresses the importance of remembering that everyone is human and that clients are well-defended and resilient. A valuable resource for learning about the importance of safety, boundaries, and relationship development in any internship or practicum experience, it will appeal to students and scholars with interests in psychoanalysis, internship education, and relational psychotherapy.

This volume expands conversations about participatory, community-engaged, and action-oriented research that inspires social change.

The authors contend that long-term community partnerships, inspired by solidarity and characterized by equality and reciprocity, result in a deep understanding of community concerns and increase the likelihood that research findings will have an impact on both the community partners and the broader society. Such research relationships, the authors maintain, are best understood as accompaniment. This book recognizes the potential as well as constraints of conceptualizing research as accompaniment and emphasizes that this approach is both a continuum and a process.

Suitable for students and scholars of ethnographic and qualitative methods (and professionals using those methods, such as those in non-government organizations), it will appeal to those interested in research with communities in a wide variety of social science and other disciplines, including anthropology, nursing, and public health, amongst others.