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The first volume of this two-volume collection presents a military history of the Levant from the arrival of the First Crusade in Syria at the end of the eleventh century to the Third Crusade and the death of Saladin in the final years of the twelfth century.

Each chapter is written from the viewpoint of a different group. This approach gives voice to the major contingents of visiting crusaders, local Latin princes, neighboring Muslim powers and even certain parties who lived beyond the limits of the Levant. Combining narrative with analysis, the volume allows readers to compare how different groups experienced, understood and responded to events. Bringing together world-leading scholars, the volume's contributors offer distinct expertise and approaches, adding another dynamic to the central theme of perspective.

The volume is ideal for students, scholars, and instructors of medieval history, military history, Middle Eastern history and crusades studies. It is also suitable for general readers interested in the diverse perspectives and military systems of the Levant during the period of the crusades.

How should late modernity be defined, and its history interpreted? This book critically reflects upon the dynamics and disruptions of transformative change that occurred between the mid-20th century to the early-21st, focusing on themes of political economy, culture, war and terrorism, and the growing conflict between material progress and its impact on the natural world.

Introducing the trope of 'acceleration', the irrepressible dynamics of production and exploitation that stimulate modern progress, this book shows how acceleration has intensified over those few decades, and how this intensity has increasingly provoked historical interpretation. Late Modern Transformations provides a synoptic analysis of issues and developments emblematic of complex changes including the rise of neoliberalism, the introduction of the Anthropocene and new narratives of self-expression.

Demonstrating how these transformations are rooted in the cultural sixties, and tracing their acceleration over the following decades, Late Modern Transformations reflects on the instability of globalised change, which has manifested in outbursts of terrorism, a widening wealth divide and the advance of artificial intelligence. As the human acceleration of progress has come to dominate and disorder the world's natural systems, what can we learn from these transformative changes and how can we better harness 'progress'?

Explore the ancient Roman empire through the lens of its leaders.

This encyclopedia provides biographical information, further readings, and select primary documents on the Roman emperors, all in one easy-to-use volume. This book explores strengths and weaknesses of the various rulers, their ascents to and falls from power, and their families and legacies. From Julius Caesar to Severus Alexander, the work shows how these leaders shaped the Roman empire and history as a whole.

The book is organized chronologically, organized into major dynasties and intermediary periods: Julio-Claudians (55 BCE to 68 CE), Year of the Four Emperors (68-69), Flavians (69-96), Antonines (96-193), Year of the 5 Emperors (193), and Severans (193-235). Within each dynasty, supporting figures-friends, families, and enemies-are arranged alphabetically for the ease of the reader.

Readers will come to understand the people behind one of the world's most powerful and famous empires-how Augustus's relationship with Mark Antony, both enemy and brother-in-law, changed the course of the empire or how Domitian's autocratic leadership led to his assassination. This encyclopedia offers readers an overview of the history of the Roman empire through those that created, maintained, and lost it. Giving further readings, both primary and secondary documents, the book opens the door to further learning while providing a one-stop reference for the basics of the Roman empire and its leaders.

Wild Horses and Their Relatives in the Middle Ages offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of the presence, perception, and treatment of wild and feral horses across medieval Europe and adjacent regions. Drawing on archaeological evidence, genetic studies, medieval legal codes, hippiatric treatises, chronicles, and visual culture, the book interrogates the ambiguous status of wild horses in the historical record and challenges modern assumptions about equine domestication.

Anastasija Ropa traces the biological and legal distinctions between wild and domestic horses, and examines how medieval authors and artists depicted equine life. From breeding advice in hippiatric treatises to frescoes showing horse hunts, these sources reveal how horses were embedded in medieval economies, landscapes, and imaginations-not only as laborers and companions but also as symbols of status, wilderness, and power.

This book provides an insightful exploration of how a German policeman, Mathias Mueller (Police Battalion 309), was involved in Nazi atrocities and mass murder behind the frontline in the Soviet Union during the Second World War. It does this through the analysis of Mueller's own words and the actions he describes in the voluminous correspondence he shared with his wife at the time.

Self-Portrait of a Holocaust Perpetrator examines the correspondence from the perspective of the police unit's operational history and considers Mathias Mueller's language in relation to discourses and discursive elements of the Third Reich. Schnell reflects on the personalities behind the letters, Mathias and Meta, and the rules of their 'correspondence game'. He also goes on to consider the narrative strategies Mueller uses to convince his wife that he has an important role to fulfil in the East, without openly talking about what he and his comrades actually were doing. For though Mueller was very much in line with the ideas and aims of the NS-leadership, his wife was not, and he had to navigate this problem skilfully in the correspondence.

The book is a unique and revealing study of a lower-rank Holocaust perpetrator that will enrich the understanding of all students and scholars of the Holocaust and the Second World War.

This book charts the evolution of animal history from 1800 to the present day, and is an essential companion for students navigating the methodological practices of the field.

Organised by theme, Writing Animal History takes readers through a variety of approaches to animal-human interactions, against the backdrop of key historiographical questions: such as agency, acculturation, and power hierarchies. With chapters on wilderness and civilisation, industrialised animals, and animals in science and technology - discussion moves from the origins of the field, to the evolving place of animals in society, and then to the future of animal history.

Schoenfelder analyses a wealth of case studies in each chapter, highlighting to students how a variety of sources, theories, and methods can be employed when writing and reflecting on animal histories. The author's use of practical examples not only demonstrates the dynamic nature of the field, and its wide geographical applications, but encourages students to approach and develop their own research questions and ideas.

Writing Animal History is a key touchstone for students learning about the practice of animal history, and is an essential tool for analysing and developing historiographical writing.

This open access book argues that high level summits and state visits between state leaders proved to be a useful means of pursuing geopolitical goals during the Cold War. Focusing on the relationship between communist Romania and democratic Britain and the USA, it shows how the Anglo-American allies sought to support Romania's stance in foreign policy, in order to hinder Soviet influence and destabilise the communist bloc.

Offering the first study to argue that this triangular relationship emerged during the 1970s through these high-level diplomatic meetings, it explores the substantive issues that arose from this connection. Highlighting the key intermediary role played by Romanian diplomacy in the Middle East and with North Korea, and pointing to the significance of trade in this relationship, it shows how Anglo-American leaders turned a blind eye to the dictatorial regime in Bucharest, in order to achieve their geopolitical goals. Capitalizing on this relationship, Ceausescu became the first communist leader to be courted in meetings at the highest level by Britain and the USA.

Informed by recently declassified official documents with a foreword by Dennis Deletant, Top Diplomacy Amidst the Cold War takes a multi-lingual, multi-archival approach to provide a truly international history of Romania's Cold War relationship with the US and Britain.

The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by UKRI.

Mobility and Migration in Antiquity investigates human movement in the context of the ancient world from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indian Ocean, addressing small-scale, everyday mobility as well as movement that engenders major socio-political change.

The volume's fundamental concern is to interrogate how historical transformations in Antiquity may be better understood once movement is recognised as a pervasive phenomenon. The chapters span a wide chronological and geographical range, collectively providing openings for a new history of societal change that takes movement as its starting point - in its myriad of forms - from personal to community, from local to long-distance, from temporary to permanent, from voluntary to forced. It is organised in seven sections: borders and boundaries; environmental adaptions; cosmopolitanism; forced mobility and displacement; trade, craft, and labour; journeys and pilgrimages; and sedentism, gender, and immobility. The final part of the volume pivots towards the future of these disciplines in their approach to mobility. Each of these sections is united by an overarching theme and focus while also addressing larger historical questions associated with mobility in the ancient world and explicitly placing approaches from classical literature, history and archaeological sciences side by side.

Mobility and Migration in Antiquity is an invaluable resource for anyone working on mobility and migration in the ancient Mediterranean world, as well as those interested in theories of migration across history, and societal change more broadly.

A compelling exploration of how Mesopotamian discoveries reshaped biblical scholarship, and why their connection to the Bible made them matter. From the first public reading of the Babylonian flood story in 1872 to the controversies sparked by Delitzsch's Babel-Bible lectures, Lasine Thelle traces the formative encounters between Assyriology and biblical studies. This book reveals how excavations in Assyria and Babylonia, and the decipherment of Akkadian texts, transformed the study of the Old Testament and redefined core concepts still taken for granted today.

Through detailed analysis of major figures, including Wellhausen, Gunkel, and Mowinckel, Thelle shows how scholarly debates over creation myths, chronology, and cultural influence shaped modern biblical research. She also uncovers the reciprocal dynamic: Mesopotamia's appeal to Western explorers was inseparable from its perceived biblical significance.

Rich in historical insight and critical reflection, this study illuminates the intertwined histories of two disciplines and offers a fresh perspective on the intellectual currents that continue to inform contemporary scholarship.

Drawing directly on primary documentary evidence of the Holocaust, this book returns to the raw archival foundations of genocide understanding to interrogate the systems, logistics, and procedural mechanisms that transformed ideological hatred into industrialized murder.

Rather than focusing on daily camp life, it examines death itself as an organized, bureaucratic, and technological process. With unflinching clarity, it reexamines overlooked elements of the killing process-most strikingly the trains themselves, reconceived not as transports but as integral components of the machinery of death, as death chambers. Emotionally intense and methodologically rigorous, this work challenges readers to confront the Holocaust as moral catastrophe and as a meticulously engineered process whose details reshape how we understand destruction itself.

Written for undergraduates, postgraduates, scholars of genocide and Holocaust studies, and informed non-specialist readers, The Mechanics of Death exposes the chilling logic embedded within modern administrative systems and provides an epistemological reconstruction of how that logic can lead to mass violence in modern states. It is essential reading for students, researchers, librarians, and educators alike.

This volume focuses on how the national elites in Central and South-Eastern Europe perceived the peasantry during the process of building the modern state and democratic political systems. The central theme of the discussion is the integration of peasants into the political system, with the aim of transforming them from the dependent subjects of various public figures to active citizens. The politicization of the rural world, in terms of increasing peasants' participation in public affairs and their identification with ideas concerning the "common good," was integral to the modern transformation of societies in these regions. The studies in this volume examine the relationship between the peasantry and central and local state institutions, such as the administration, schools and the army; associations of all kinds; and social figures, including intellectuals, teachers, local notables and priests, who sought to uplift the rural world as part of the modernization agenda.

This book uncovers a largely forgotten early vision of European unity that emerged in Britain before the First World War.

By tracing the remarkable career of Sir Max Waechter (1837-1924), entrepreneur, philanthropist and the British representative of the Nobel brothers' Caspian oil interests, it reveals how British actors were among the earliest in arguing that Europe's growing rivalries could be addressed through closer economic cooperation and political understanding. The study shows that ideas of a federated Europe were already being energetically developed, debated and promoted before 1914.

Central to the book is Waechter's creation of the European Unity League, whose ambitious programme provides a fresh lens to reassess the intellectual and political climate of the pre-war years. Drawing on extensive archival research, the volume reconstructs Waechter's 1906 manifesto to King Edward VII, his extraordinary diplomatic tour across the continent aboard the former Austrian archducal yacht Rovenska and his ability to secure audiences with most reigning heads of state, despite opposition from the Foreign Office. It follows how these efforts led to the 1909 Inaugural Congress of the European Federation in Rome, co-organized with the Italian pacifist Prince di Cassano (1855-1926), and the formal establishment of the League in London in 1913.

Although the outbreak of war curtailed its activities, the League stands as one of the earliest mass movements for European unity, anticipating Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi's better-known interwar Pan-European Union by two decades and a world war.

By situating Waechter's campaign within broader British and European debates about armaments, decline and the future of the continent, the book offers a new understanding of the roots of the European idea and of Britain's unexpected role in shaping it. Written accessibly, it will appeal to readers interested in modern European history, international politics and the life of a visionary yet overlooked figure.

Why did Italian culture come to occupy such privileged status and interest among the societies of East-Central Europe during the period 1300-1600? In 1300, East-Central Europe regarded Italy not necessarily as an undisputed center of cultural emulation but drew from a much wider range of models centered in France, Germany, and even Kievan Rus'. Two centuries later the same region was saturated with Italianate forms - architecture, humanism, diplomacy, commerce, and print - that rivaled the most sophisticated centers of the High Renaissance.

This volume argues that the transformation was neither passive reception nor mere "Italianism." Rather, East-Central-European societies deliberately appropriated, hybridized, and reinterpreted Italian practices and values specifically to achieve their own political, economic, and intellectual aims and meet an array of regional challenges.

Ranging in focus from the fourteenth-century Italian mining practices to digital Latin corpus analysis, diplomatic history, and early print studies, together the chapters in this volume present nine case studies that draw on a number of methodologies, new sources, and fresh archival research that all advance an understanding of this important and complex phenomenon. This book is a vital reading for scholars of cultural transfer, early modern studies, and East-Central European history more broadly.

This book argues that the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 solved the historic French-German conflict over control of the coal deposits of the Ruhr valley. The product of a political bargain among the United States, France and Germany, the Treaty of Paris introduced radical new rules into the European order. For the first time in European history, cartels and powerful anticompetitive concentrations of economic power were banned.

The volume ties the problem of ensuring secure access to Ruhr coal to the larger security dilemma that long haunted French-German relations. It argues that, in effect, wars and cartels were alternative solutions to the same underlying dilemma in the period from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries, which featured three wars and two armed occupations involving France and Germany. It discusses the importance of the economic complementarity between coal and ore in relation to the economic and security relations between France and Germany. Above all, it highlights the role played by the novel competition law regime in permanently ending the old cycle of wars and cartels that had cursed Europe through the end of World War II.

Beyond Wars and Cartels will be invaluable to those interested in postwar European history seen from a new angle as well as specialists in antitrust and competition law who compare US and American law, historians and political scientists.