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No matter how smart we are, we end up grappling with ideas that resist understanding. In this book, Byzantium is identified as the archetypical civilization that nurtured its innermost doubts. It shows how religious dogma was riddled with inscrutable quandaries, where the highest imaginable entity-God-is considered incomprehensible. Byzantine writers develop a doctrine of divine knowledge as a holy hiatus, and many of the features of Byzantine culture that look odd or irregular to modern eyes are expressions of a religious outlook that venerates a God who cannot be grasped.

From this perspective, Byzantium From the Inside Out solves many puzzles. Why did Byzantine artists paint pictures where spatial recession points the wrong way? Why did they create mosaics and icons with a gold backdrop when it negates space? Why were the faithful so terrified of a worm that chewed their flesh in the grave after death? Why did Byzantine people sigh so much, and why did they speculate about what people did not say rather than what they did say? And why were they constantly reproaching themselves?

Beginning with what is special about Byzantium, the book reveals how incomprehensibility became a dimension of later aesthetics. The study of this inside-out civilization gives non-Byzantinists a new reason to look back to Byzantium, where the aesthetics of incomprehensibility were born. Byzantium From the Inside Out uses philological methods to support its theories, but it does not demand a knowledge of Greek and is written in accessible language.

Reusing Oral Histories is the first comprehensive guide available to scholars and students looking to analyse or reanalyse archived oral history interviews.

Oral history scholarship to date has been primarily concerned with the analysis of oral histories conducted by the interviewer, despite the proliferation of archived oral history interviews. The reuse of interviews, some of which have been in the archives for years, poses specific challenges for researchers and offers many rewards. Across four chapters, this book furnishes readers with a detailed overview of the literature on oral history reuse, as well as discussing practical, methodological and ethical considerations, and the emotional challenges involved in reusing archived interviews. Based on international case studies, the book explores relationality, narrativity, and aurality of archived interviews. Reusing Oral Histories suggests three complementary modes of analytical listening - empathetic, active and relational - in order to understand both the interviews themselves and the memories and narratives they contain.

The book provides readers with the tools, methods and theoretical frameworks to engage fully in reusing oral histories. It will be of interest to students, archivists, and other practitioners of oral history as a practical guide and theoretical companion.

This book is the first systematic scholarly analysis of Stephen Girard's views on race, gender, class, and enslavement, connecting the details of Girard's life with litigation surrounding his estate and school.

By the time Girard died, the merchant-banker was one of the wealthiest men in the United States. He shocked the people of his adopted city and nation by posthumously devoting his fortune to philanthropic projects-most notably the construction of a charity school for White orphan boys. For nearly two hundred years, Girard's name has been mired in controversy because of his last will and testament, which became the centerpiece of numerous legal battles. With narrative sophistication and probing analysis, this book combines a succinct overview of Girard's life with much-needed context for making sense of his decisions and legacy. In doing so it further addresses controversial topics in the modern U.S. public sphere-freedom of religion, institutional racism, gender equality, the relationship of private philanthropy to the public good-directing the reader to reconsider the health of American republican institutions in the twenty-first century in the light of Girard's history and legacies.

Augmented by many historical images and primary-source documents, including the text of his much-debated last will and Supreme Court arguments about his philanthropy, the book is an ideal resource for students and scholars of American history, Atlantic world studies, legal history, history of education, and history of philanthropy.

Why did Italian culture come to occupy such privileged status and interest among the societies of East-Central Europe during the period 1300-1600? In 1300, East-Central Europe regarded Italy not necessarily as an undisputed center of cultural emulation but drew from a much wider range of models centered in France, Germany, and even Kievan Rus'. Two centuries later the same region was saturated with Italianate forms - architecture, humanism, diplomacy, commerce, and print - that rivaled the most sophisticated centers of the High Renaissance.

This volume argues that the transformation was neither passive reception nor mere "Italianism." Rather, East-Central-European societies deliberately appropriated, hybridized, and reinterpreted Italian practices and values specifically to achieve their own political, economic, and intellectual aims and meet an array of regional challenges.

Ranging in focus from the fourteenth-century Italian mining practices to digital Latin corpus analysis, diplomatic history, and early print studies, together the chapters in this volume present nine case studies that draw on a number of methodologies, new sources, and fresh archival research that all advance an understanding of this important and complex phenomenon. This book is a vital reading for scholars of cultural transfer, early modern studies, and East-Central European history more broadly.

This book provides a novel, cultural-historical perspective on travel in the ancient world by exploring a wide range of women's (in)voluntary journeys and relocations, such as can be derived from passing references, short sections, and extended narratives found in the early Jewish corpora that remain to us.

The selected sources include a large body of literary texts from the Hebrew Bible, Septuagint, Pseudepigrapha, Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, and the New Testament, together with some documentary sources indicating the existence of certain types of travel up until early second century CE. They reveal a variety of mobile girls and women such as brides, businesswomen, captives, diplomats, diviners, economic and forced migrants, knowledge-seekers, midwives, musicians, nurses, pilgrims, refugees, sages, (semi)nomads, slaves, tourists, and war leaders. The book delivers a more nuanced notion of the past by challenging and demonstrating the need to move beyond the binary idea of "female stayers" and "male movers." In doing so, it foregrounds a previously overlooked aspect of travel history: female mobility, its many facets and inherent complexity as a sociocultural phenomenon, and its multiple transformational effects.

Women, Travel and Transformation from the Bible to Bar-Kokhba is of interest to students and scholars working on travel history, early Jewish literature, and women in antiquity, as well as those in biblical studies, religious studies, ancient history, and classics.

Explore the ancient Roman empire through the lens of its leaders.

This encyclopedia provides biographical information, further readings, and select primary documents on the Roman emperors, all in one easy-to-use volume. This book explores strengths and weaknesses of the various rulers, their ascents to and falls from power, and their families and legacies. From Julius Caesar to Severus Alexander, the work shows how these leaders shaped the Roman empire and history as a whole.

The book is organized chronologically, organized into major dynasties and intermediary periods: Julio-Claudians (55 BCE to 68 CE), Year of the Four Emperors (68-69), Flavians (69-96), Antonines (96-193), Year of the 5 Emperors (193), and Severans (193-235). Within each dynasty, supporting figures-friends, families, and enemies-are arranged alphabetically for the ease of the reader.

Readers will come to understand the people behind one of the world's most powerful and famous empires-how Augustus's relationship with Mark Antony, both enemy and brother-in-law, changed the course of the empire or how Domitian's autocratic leadership led to his assassination. This encyclopedia offers readers an overview of the history of the Roman empire through those that created, maintained, and lost it. Giving further readings, both primary and secondary documents, the book opens the door to further learning while providing a one-stop reference for the basics of the Roman empire and its leaders.

The first volume of this two-volume collection presents a military history of the Levant from the arrival of the First Crusade in Syria at the end of the eleventh century to the Third Crusade and the death of Saladin in the final years of the twelfth century.

Each chapter is written from the viewpoint of a different group. This approach gives voice to the major contingents of visiting crusaders, local Latin princes, neighboring Muslim powers and even certain parties who lived beyond the limits of the Levant. Combining narrative with analysis, the volume allows readers to compare how different groups experienced, understood and responded to events. Bringing together world-leading scholars, the volume's contributors offer distinct expertise and approaches, adding another dynamic to the central theme of perspective.

The volume is ideal for students, scholars, and instructors of medieval history, military history, Middle Eastern history and crusades studies. It is also suitable for general readers interested in the diverse perspectives and military systems of the Levant during the period of the crusades.

This book charts the evolution of animal history from 1800 to the present day, and is an essential companion for students navigating the methodological practices of the field.

Organised by theme, Writing Animal History takes readers through a variety of approaches to animal-human interactions, against the backdrop of key historiographical questions: such as agency, acculturation, and power hierarchies. With chapters on wilderness and civilisation, industrialised animals, and animals in science and technology - discussion moves from the origins of the field, to the evolving place of animals in society, and then to the future of animal history.

Schoenfelder analyses a wealth of case studies in each chapter, highlighting to students how a variety of sources, theories, and methods can be employed when writing and reflecting on animal histories. The author's use of practical examples not only demonstrates the dynamic nature of the field, and its wide geographical applications, but encourages students to approach and develop their own research questions and ideas.

Writing Animal History is a key touchstone for students learning about the practice of animal history, and is an essential tool for analysing and developing historiographical writing.

This open access book studies the history of the island of Crete as a site of ethnic and religious mixing and reveals how this relates to modern day interest in pluralistic community formation.

Louis A Ruprecht Jr. explores the mixture of culture, traditions, languages, and religion in the Greek island of Crete to explore the idea that mixing creates both marvels and monsters. The book considers how all of the bodies living and mixing on Crete were caught up in ritual, ceremony, and contexts which can be identified as religious. Ruprecht explores archeology, literature, myths, and biblical stories, revealing how the history of mixing cultures and ideas in Crete, focusing mostly on Greek mythology and the early spread of Christianity. In essence, Ruprecht uses Crete's history as an example to show how we can live in mixed societies rather than amidst constant culture wars.

The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by Emory University and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

This book argues that the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 solved the historic French-German conflict over control of the coal deposits of the Ruhr valley. The product of a political bargain among the United States, France and Germany, the Treaty of Paris introduced radical new rules into the European order. For the first time in European history, cartels and powerful anticompetitive concentrations of economic power were banned.

The volume ties the problem of ensuring secure access to Ruhr coal to the larger security dilemma that long haunted French-German relations. It argues that, in effect, wars and cartels were alternative solutions to the same underlying dilemma in the period from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries, which featured three wars and two armed occupations involving France and Germany. It discusses the importance of the economic complementarity between coal and ore in relation to the economic and security relations between France and Germany. Above all, it highlights the role played by the novel competition law regime in permanently ending the old cycle of wars and cartels that had cursed Europe through the end of World War II.

Beyond Wars and Cartels will be invaluable to those interested in postwar European history seen from a new angle as well as specialists in antitrust and competition law who compare US and American law, historians and political scientists.

This book explores the fascinating evolution of close-season foreign tours conducted by Football League clubs between 1900 and 1939, a period when these tours became a cornerstone of the British footballing calendar transforming the nature and role of the close season.

During the close season, clubs ventured beyond British fields to play abroad, serving as footballing missionaries spreading the game, tourists engaging with foreign football cultures, and participants in cross-cultural exchanges. Acting as "ambassadors in soccer kit," as Arsenal manager George Allison described, clubs complemented England's role in showcasing the dominance of British football while contributing to the soft power of British governments through soccer diplomacy.

Through a transnational lens, this book examines how these tours became vehicles for cultural encounters, profoundly shaping the identities and experiences of players as transnational actors. It highlights the transformative impact of these interactions on both British and foreign footballing landscapes.

Co-authored by two leading sports historians, this archival study combines cultural diplomatic and transnational perspectives to provide a comprehensive analysis of Football League club tours. It situates these tours alongside foreign fixtures played by England and Scotland as pivotal moments of elite-level footballing exchange.

Covering themes of sports history, propaganda history, cultural diplomacy, and transnational studies, this book is ideal for scholars, students, and enthusiasts of football history, international relations, and cultural studies.

The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Soccer & Society.

This volume focuses on how the national elites in Central and South-Eastern Europe perceived the peasantry during the process of building the modern state and democratic political systems. The central theme of the discussion is the integration of peasants into the political system, with the aim of transforming them from the dependent subjects of various public figures to active citizens. The politicization of the rural world, in terms of increasing peasants' participation in public affairs and their identification with ideas concerning the "common good," was integral to the modern transformation of societies in these regions. The studies in this volume examine the relationship between the peasantry and central and local state institutions, such as the administration, schools and the army; associations of all kinds; and social figures, including intellectuals, teachers, local notables and priests, who sought to uplift the rural world as part of the modernization agenda.

The relationship between religious identity and national identity has shaped societies for centuries, yet its deep historical roots are often overlooked. Religion and Nation: Intersections Across Time explores how the linkage between religion and nation dates back to the Middle Ages and, in some cases, ancient times, as seen with the Jews and Greeks. This groundbreaking book sheds light on the enduring connection between faith and collective identity, offering fresh perspectives on a topic that remains highly relevant today.

Featuring contributions from 20 leading scholars, this volume examines the dynamic interplay between religion and nation across different historical periods. From the early Middle Ages to more recent centuries, the chapters reveal how dominant religious structures have consistently served political purposes. Readers will discover how nations, united by language and traditions, often take on a religious dimension-even in cases like Ukraine and Hungary, where multiple Churches vie to define and preserve national culture.

This book is essential reading for historians, sociologists, political scientists, and anyone interested in understanding the profound ways religion and national identity have shaped human history. With its rich insights and diverse perspectives, Religion and Nation: Intersections Across Time offers a compelling exploration of a timeless and complex relationship.

This book uncovers a largely forgotten early vision of European unity that emerged in Britain before the First World War.

By tracing the remarkable career of Sir Max Waechter (1837-1924), entrepreneur, philanthropist and the British representative of the Nobel brothers' Caspian oil interests, it reveals how British actors were among the earliest in arguing that Europe's growing rivalries could be addressed through closer economic cooperation and political understanding. The study shows that ideas of a federated Europe were already being energetically developed, debated and promoted before 1914.

Central to the book is Waechter's creation of the European Unity League, whose ambitious programme provides a fresh lens to reassess the intellectual and political climate of the pre-war years. Drawing on extensive archival research, the volume reconstructs Waechter's 1906 manifesto to King Edward VII, his extraordinary diplomatic tour across the continent aboard the former Austrian archducal yacht Rovenska and his ability to secure audiences with most reigning heads of state, despite opposition from the Foreign Office. It follows how these efforts led to the 1909 Inaugural Congress of the European Federation in Rome, co-organized with the Italian pacifist Prince di Cassano (1855-1926), and the formal establishment of the League in London in 1913.

Although the outbreak of war curtailed its activities, the League stands as one of the earliest mass movements for European unity, anticipating Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi's better-known interwar Pan-European Union by two decades and a world war.

By situating Waechter's campaign within broader British and European debates about armaments, decline and the future of the continent, the book offers a new understanding of the roots of the European idea and of Britain's unexpected role in shaping it. Written accessibly, it will appeal to readers interested in modern European history, international politics and the life of a visionary yet overlooked figure.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 marked an abrupt end to decades of globalization and international cooperation, threatening the stability of Europe, impacting global food and energy security, and creating shock waves in a world barely recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. This book provides historical context to the current conflict through an exploration of the Red Army's 1920 conquest of Ukraine. The book contributes to readers' understanding of how and why Soviet Russia - like the tsars before them, and Putin afterwards - sought to impose control over Ukraine, and studies the consequences of doing so.

Part of the Wars and Battles of the World series, this book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers of military history, defence and security studies, communism, geopolitics, and international relations. It will also appeal to readers interested in the Russian Revolution, post-First World War studies, and the history of Ukraine.

Examining case studies from Asia, Africa, North America, and Europe, this book explores the debates around the past, present and future of public monuments. Through the lens of the protests against controversial statues that peaked in 2020, it brings together scholars from disciplines including history, art history, classics, politics and philosophy to analyse the spatial, physical, and emotional interactions between monuments and people.

Including analysis of examples drawn from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain, India, Ireland, Italy, Libya, the Philippines, the United States, this book uncovers the role of public monuments in shaping national and individual identities, their role in public memory, and how they may be used to preserve or subvert chosen narratives about the past. Acknowledging how memorials may elicit a strong public reaction, the essays in this volume also consider instances of different actions when contesting public monuments - from small alterations to complete destruction. The volume uses contemporary examples to explore not only the pasts and presents of public monuments, but also their futures.

See World War II through the lens of the day-to-day realities of war, both at home and on the battlefront.
Looking at everyday life during one of the most tumultuous times in history, this book explores different facets of life, from economy to entertainment to family. From the home front to the battlefront, uncover the resilience, challenges, and triumphs of those who lived through the war. Embedded with rich details, this book offers a comprehensive look at how the war shaped the lives of ordinary people and soldiers alike.

Readers will gain insight into how families coped with the absence of loved ones, how communities rallied together to support the war effort, and how soldiers found moments of levity amidst the chaos of war. The economic impact of the war, including rationing and the role of women in the workforce, is also explored in depth.

Intellectual and cultural life during the war is another key theme, highlighting how people stayed informed, entertained, and connected despite the challenges. The book also examines the political climate of the time, including the impact of propaganda and the role of government in shaping public opinion. Recreational activities, from sports to cinema, provided much-needed escapism, while religious practices offered comfort and hope. This book is a must-read for anyone looking to understand the true realities of World War II, not just what's portrayed on a movie screen.

A compelling exploration of how Mesopotamian discoveries reshaped biblical scholarship, and why their connection to the Bible made them matter. From the first public reading of the Babylonian flood story in 1872 to the controversies sparked by Delitzsch's Babel-Bible lectures, Lasine Thelle traces the formative encounters between Assyriology and biblical studies. This book reveals how excavations in Assyria and Babylonia, and the decipherment of Akkadian texts, transformed the study of the Old Testament and redefined core concepts still taken for granted today.

Through detailed analysis of major figures, including Wellhausen, Gunkel, and Mowinckel, Thelle shows how scholarly debates over creation myths, chronology, and cultural influence shaped modern biblical research. She also uncovers the reciprocal dynamic: Mesopotamia's appeal to Western explorers was inseparable from its perceived biblical significance.

Rich in historical insight and critical reflection, this study illuminates the intertwined histories of two disciplines and offers a fresh perspective on the intellectual currents that continue to inform contemporary scholarship.

This book paints a detailed picture of how anti-colonial publishing operated from the very heart of the British Empire in the middle of the 20th century.

Pointing to the vibrant interconnections between anti-colonial and Pan-African activists in Britain, it engages with their personal politics, political thought, and global links to recast how we think about both publishing and anti-colonialism at this time. It engages with activists on their own terms through a book history approach, one that takes seriously the printed manifestations of anti-colonial thought, and views printing and publishing as political activism.

Assessing various forms of Pan-African writing, from pamphlets and journals to novels and works of anthropology, this book unpacks how different activists 'did' their politics, and what these politics were. Delving into the literary works that supported and maintained British Pan-African activism, Writing against Empire highlights the central and crucial role of written texts to this movement. Unpicking the links between different thinkers and their works, and analysing how such a wealth of anti-colonial writers could operate within the very core of empire, Bowman gets to the heart of anti-colonial action in 20th-century Britain, and the centrality of print to this struggle.

Drawing directly on primary documentary evidence of the Holocaust, this book returns to the raw archival foundations of genocide understanding to interrogate the systems, logistics, and procedural mechanisms that transformed ideological hatred into industrialized murder.

Rather than focusing on daily camp life, it examines death itself as an organized, bureaucratic, and technological process. With unflinching clarity, it reexamines overlooked elements of the killing process-most strikingly the trains themselves, reconceived not as transports but as integral components of the machinery of death, as death chambers. Emotionally intense and methodologically rigorous, this work challenges readers to confront the Holocaust as moral catastrophe and as a meticulously engineered process whose details reshape how we understand destruction itself.

Written for undergraduates, postgraduates, scholars of genocide and Holocaust studies, and informed non-specialist readers, The Mechanics of Death exposes the chilling logic embedded within modern administrative systems and provides an epistemological reconstruction of how that logic can lead to mass violence in modern states. It is essential reading for students, researchers, librarians, and educators alike.