Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) give the UN a road-map for development, with Agenda 2030 as the target. It was built on the previously established Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This book examines the supporting technologies needed to achieve SDG 2: reducing hunger and creating a better society. This much-needed book, the first of its type to offer a specific focus on the relationship between technology and SDG 2, will be valuable for academics working in the subject of global sustainable development. This book will also be useful for international organisations and representatives, who will be able to share knowledge on technological views to minimise hunger rates.

Now in its sixth edition, Origins of the Cold War 1941-1949 offers a new perspective on the momentous conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States, covering the tumultuous years of 1941 to 1949.

Adopting an internationalist approach, McCauley builds on the fifth edition by tracing the evolution of the post-imperial world after 1945. Chapters have been updated and expanded to include analyses of countries such as India, Pakistan and Malaya and an exciting discussion of the new Cold War history, which seeks to understand the mistakes and misperceptions of the Western allies. Moreover, this sixth edition offers readers insight into how Stalin ruled, with additional chapters delving into state secrecy and the books in Stalin's library.

Combining the latest scholarship with accessible primary sources, Origins of the Cold War 1941-1949 stands as a valuable introduction to a fascinating period and will be useful to scholars and students of modern global history and international affairs.

Motin examines great powers' reactions to the rise of new powers in bipolar international systems by exploring an understudied problem: the rarity of armed emergence after 1945.

The book focuses on Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Vietnam; the few minor powers that attempted to emerge as great powers through force during the Cold War. Geography and existing powers' reactions are analyzed as the two key factors determining a nation's attempts at territorial expansion to achieve power on the global political stage. This systematic investigation of previously overlooked cases has profound implications for the scholarship on the rise and fall of great powers.

In a context where territorial conquest is returning worldwide, scholars studying international relations, international security, and strategic studies should find valuable insights in this realist take.

The Eighteenth Brumaire in the United States, Germany, and France, 1852-1933 is the first extended political history of Karl Marx's seminal text.

Written largely in an engaging narrative form that centers political actors engaging with the text, the book uses published and archival sources to reconstruct the contexts of editions in three languages over eight decades. Stark begins with a new interpretation of the origins of the Brumaire in a context of arguments among revolutionaries in exile, then surveys the main features of its republication in Germany and initial reception (1860-870), its uptake by socialists in Germany and France (1872-892), its status in Germany, France, and the United States before the First World War, and its fate in the Weimar Republic (1918-933).

Convincingly proving that the history of the Eighteenth Brumaire should matter for our understanding of Marx today, this book will be fresh for specialists but accessible for diligent students and others without any special background.

The Routledge Handbook of the Translation Industry provides an accessible and comprehensive overview of current and emerging practices, workflows, and processes in the translation industry, the professional and socio-economic contexts in which industry actors operate, and best practices in translation industry teaching and research in this rapidly developing field.

Comprising 33 chapters from scholarly and industry voices, this handbook addresses the many issues arising from growing technologisation, new trends in translation procurement and production, and increasing pressures on the range of actors in the translation industry. The content spans both bottom-up and top-down perspectives, using a variety of theoretical, praxiological, and data-driven approaches.

In addition to providing coverage of a range of well-established professional profiles, workflows, and resources, this handbook adopts a novel approach in addressing emerging topics such as global sustainable development and wellbeing, economics, the platform economy, and social media and the influencer economy. The opening mapping chapter and final roundtable chapter provide fitting conceptual and forward-looking bookends for the content.

This handbook offers a topical and much-needed forum to engage with the challenges and opportunities facing the translation industry and constitutes an essential point of reference for students and researchers of translation as well as industry practitioners and professionals.

Chapter 4 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

This book offers an in-depth exploration of diplomatic interpreting as a complex form of multimodal interaction, drawing on examples from China-U.S. diplomatic interpreting activities to demonstrate the nuances of meaning transfer across modes and contexts.

The volume introduces the notion of interpreting being inherently multimodal through its employment of a range of semiotic repertoires, including linguistic modes, gesture, audial information, spatial arrangement, and visual imagery. Featuring case studies from China-U.S. diplomatic interpreting scenarios, Cen and Irwin examine the means and reasons by which interpreters mediate the range of multimodal semiotic resources in such situations in order to accommodate different meanings across varied contexts and their strategies for contextualizing and recontextualizing meaning while navigating different diplomatic interests and interpersonal relationships. Taken together, the book outlines a new framework for understanding and analyzing bilateral interpreting through a multimodal lens, with implications for interpreting in international studies on a wider scale.

This volume will be valuable reading for students and scholars in interpreting studies, applied linguistics, intercultural communication, and international relations.

This collection brings together leading scholars across disciplines to reflect on the relationship between intermediality and multimodality and future directions for the contemporary mediascape, building on a 2022 Linnaeus University lecture series honouring the legacy of Lars Ellestroem, following his untimely death in December 2021.

The volume contributes to ongoing dialogues about media and society, the challenges and opportunities for academia to engage with developments in the evolving mediascape, and interdisciplinary pathways towards engaging with these questions. Each chapter features an established figure in such fields as multimodality, intermediality, semiotics, narratology, art history, and adaptation studies. Each essay is prefaced with an introduction by the editors and bookended with a discussion transcribed from the original live presentations. A concluding chapter looks ahead to future directions, opening new lines of inquiry around the possibilities for intermediality and multimodality research towards continuing to build on Ellestroem's seminal work in the field.

This book will be of interest to scholars in multimodality, intermediality, and media and communication studies.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under an Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Licence (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This book is a vital addition to the interpreting field, focusing on retour interpreting-interpreting from one's native language (A) into a second language (B). This practice, once viewed as secondary, has become indispensable in today's multilingual and multicultural contexts.

As interpreters increasingly handle diverse language pairs and rising standards for bilingual communication, retour interpreting plays a critical role in bridging linguistic gaps. This book features contributions from leading experts who explore retour interpreting from theoretical, pedagogical, and practical perspectives. It examines the linguistic and cognitive challenges unique to interpreting into a non-native language, while also addressing the complex factors influencing effective B-language output. By highlighting the growing need for skilled retour interpreters, especially in multilingual institutions and post-colonial settings where former colonial languages often dominate, this book aligns itself with current professional demands. With eleven chapters, the book provides comprehensive insights into retour interpreting across different languages, contexts, and career stages.

It is an essential resource for interpreters, trainers, and researchers, offering practical strategies and critical perspectives. By addressing a historically underexplored area, this work fills a significant gap, reinforcing the importance of retour interpreting in today's globalized world.

Chapter 4 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This textbook covers legal translation themes by types of legal documents. The three parts of the book are devoted to the translation of legislative documents, contracts, and court documentation. This textbook uses a new approach to train students of legal translation, which can be used to teach translation from English to any other language. This approach combines legal and linguistic perspectives of the study of legal documents, and includes machine translation and artificial intelligence (AI) tools and corpus methods. The book instigates a profound understanding of the functions, structure, and linguistic characteristics of document types. Examples of translation from English to Italian, German, Ukrainian and Polish with analysis will help students compare different translations and suggest their own translation of the same examples into their target language (TL). The book also provides exercises to develop translation skills within the legal domain, focusing on developing students' research skills, their ability to substantiate the choice of target language terminology, identify translators' false friends, cope with the issues of syntax and morphology, and apply various translation strategies and techniques. The exercises also include a comparative analysis of post-editing of machine translation and AI-generated translations with their own translations.

This collection explores the range of approaches and frameworks used in the study of minority languages and cultures in audiovisual translation (AVT), encouraging interdisciplinary conversations toward fostering linguistic diversity on screen.

The volume is organized around five parts, looking at examples from across the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and China as well as issues around sign languages in AVT. Chapters explore innovative strategies in subtitling, dubbing, and fansubbing to address non-standard varieties, ethnolinguistic diversities, and multilingualism, among other key themes, across different forms of media. The volume also looks ahead to how the study and practice of AVT might be re-envisioned in relation to minority languages, societies, and cultures in the future.

This book will be of interest to scholars in translation studies, audiovisual translation, media accessibility, and media studies.

This collection engages with key questions in panel study research by exploring more deeply the interrelationship between the individual and the community and the impact on language change across the lifespan.

The book is organized around four broad themes, each followed by a forward-looking commentary that ties together the key findings from the individual chapters. The first section examines style and socio-indexicality with the goal of disentangling short-term style-shifting from long-term language change. The second section continues with a focus on style, examining audience design and socially meaningful variation in professional settings as an integral component of age- and role-appropriate behavior. The third section considers different language/dialect contact scenarios and the impact on changing social identities and behavioural norms, which can fluctuate across the lifespan for different settings and life-stages and for different types of variables. The final section explores a computational, agent-based model of lifespan and community change, targeting the practical challenges often encountered in panel research, such as data sparsity and the short duration of the human lifespan. A postscript underscores the importance of considering style and setting as integral aspects of panel research rather than as afterthoughts and of leveraging computational modeling to expand our understanding of the interdependencies between lifespan and community change.

This book will appeal to scholars interested in language variation and change, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, and computational linguistics.

Chapter 7 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at Home Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Works and Collections under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This book uses a sociolinguistic framework to explore how language serves as a marker of national identity in conflict zones, focusing on the dystopian representation of Arabic as a minority language in Israel through the perspectives of Israeli Palestinian students. Using a documentary photography research tool, PhotoVoice, minoritized college students from Northern Israel were invited to document and reflect on the signage in their area. Content analysis of students' reflections revealed not only a problematic linguistic reality in which the presence of Arabic was limited and inaccurate, but also their experience of the space as local inhabitants. The book chapters shed light on their profound perceptions and aspirations as passers-by toward the (mis)representation of their native language in the country. The contribution of the book lies in demonstrating the potential of the innovative tool PhotoVoice in developing awareness of the explicit and implicit messages delivered through linguistic landscapes. It encourages action for achieving utopian, more inclusive linguistic realities where minority languages are appropriately represented.

This edited collection explores the scholarly and pedagogical implementations of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in world language education. The chapters offer a diverse range of theoretical and pedagogical perspectives as well as methodologies aiming to achieve the following objectives:

• Introduce novice linguists, novice researchers, and pre-service language teachers to CMT, its extensions, and its applications, while providing an overview of the current state of the discipline;
• Shed light on new research and pedagogical practices for linguists, researchers, and language educators at all levels;
• Present theoretically founded and research-based examples of the pedagogical application of CMT across multiple world languages, including English, French, Mandarin, and Spanish;
• Highlight the experiences and perspectives of practitioner educators who have implemented CMT in world language education.

By addressing these objectives, the book aims to provide a comprehensive and insightful exploration of CMT's role in world language education, offering guidance and inspiration for both researchers and practitioners in the field.

This book investigates innovative approaches to teaching and learning second language (L2) grammar by combining strategy-based instruction (SBI) supported by advanced computer-assisted language learning (CALL) tools, including artificial intelligence (AI). Through a blend of theoretical insights, empirical research, and practical recommendations, it examines how these approaches enhance grammar learning strategies (GLS), promote learner autonomy, and improve the mastery of grammar in digital contexts.

The book is anchored in a study conducted with Polish university students that assessed the impact of SBI on explicit and implicit (automatized) knowledge of the English passive voice, GLS use, and learner response to the intervention aided by CALL tools. The findings highlight significant gains in GLS use, autonomy, and implicit (automatized) grammar knowledge, underscoring the role of CALL environments in fostering effective and engaging grammar learning experiences.

Designed for educators, researchers, and students, this volume combines cutting-edge pedagogical methods with actionable insights. It emphasizes the importance of autonomy in grammar learning and showcases how technology can enrich this process. By bridging theory and practice, this book provides a roadmap for implementing innovative grammar instruction and opens new avenues for research in technology-enhanced language education.

Secondary English for Generation Alpha seeks to promote a humane, responsive and creative pedagogy for English that will develop and enrich understanding and enjoyment of language in all its forms (speaking, listening, reading and writing) and help students develop into successful members of their home and wider communities.

Generation Alpha (children born between 2010 and 2025) are growing up amid unprecedented challenges - local, national and global - that threaten social justice. The authors of this book see subject English as one means of supporting Generation Alpha to meet these challenges and provide them with the necessary skills and knowledge to fit them for a changing world. Responding to tendencies to standardise and centralise curriculum, pedagogy and teacher education, the book explores the ways in which subject English can draw on local contexts and expertise in schools, universities and communities to address local needs and interests, demonstrating how what we learn locally can be relevant beyond.

The chapters in this volume represent work being done, individually and collectively, in settings across England, by teacher educators in universities and other centres, alongside their partnership schools. By describing their own practice in English classrooms, the authors hope to empower others - in England, but also beyond - simultaneously producing both a broad and an in-depth exploration of the subject. Secondary English for Generation Alpha emerges from the world of initial teacher education, yet takes ideas from current research and makes them relevant to teachers and those interested in English teaching in schools in any context.

This book introduces the approach of "transloyalties" to study "connected histories" in World Christianity. The term "transloyalties" is used to analyze the multifaceted processes in various contact zones through which cultural and religious identities were transformed in the tension between different loyalties. The volume tests this approach in various case studies, most of them focusing on Lutheran churches and "World Lutheranism" between 1919 and 1939, a time of rapidly changing political circumstances.

Traditionally, the United States, Germany, and Scandinavia had been identified as the three centers of Lutheranism. However, while the structures in these centers were well established and "World Lutheranism" was something "out there," with limited impact back home, negotiation processes on "Lutheran identity" were crucial in contexts where new Lutheran churches emerged. Asian and African church leaders operated in a new context of loyalties: They pushed for cooperation, and they often interacted with mission organizations from all three centers, and also with other religions, traditional cultures, and political movements. Therefore, it is significant what happened, for instance, in the Lutheran Church of China or at Umphumulo in South Africa.

Including theoretical reflections and case studies, this volume is valuable reading for scholars of the history of World Christianity.

Focusing on the history of World Christianity, this book relates the concept of "transloyalties" to developments during the "Period of Decolonization and the Cold War." This was a time when the terms "loyal" and "loyalty" became more frequently used, not only in the United States, where a "loyalty program" was introduced but also in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Churches and ecumenical organizations had to navigate in this context of new loyalty demands. They had to clarify whether changes in church/ state relations and corresponding changes in their organizational structures were necessary, or whether they affected core identities. Was the restriction or exclusion of Western missionaries a threat to the universal character of the church or a transition to self-governing churches? How did African and Asian churches relate to Western mission societies in the new context? Was the strive for justice a basis for cooperation with socialist governments, or were the concepts fundamentally different? How were denominations organized at a national level? Which forms of church government were chosen? Which denominations could become members of Christian Councils that represented joint interests toward the states? These are some of the questions that underlie the importance of this volume to the study of the history of World Christianity.

Buddhist Hermits in Eastern Tibet explores the ritual and social empowerment of Buddhist monastics devoted to meditation under a charismatic master.

Based on ethnographic research at a remote hermitage in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai province in China, this book examines contemplative practices and ascetic regimes as performances of renunciation, self-formation, and devotion, arguing that the master performs the ideal of Buddhist asceticism via his body and in front of a participant audience. Paralleling Tibet's famed hermit Milarepa (eleventh/twelfth century), the ascetic master Tsultrim Tarchin is believed to have achieved liberation "in this body and life," demonstrating that renunciation can be empowering and that elite practices and local tradition can be relatable to untrained laity and transnational practitioners alike. Providing new insights and capturing a vital aspect of the ethno-religious revival among Tibetans in China, this book enhances our understanding of Buddhist meditation in retreat and of the social and embodied dimensions of spiritual liberation.

This book will be of interest to academic researchers and students of Buddhism, Religion, Anthropology, and Asian Studies.

This volume explores how Martin Luther's life and teachings reshaped and redefined masculinity during the Reformation, offering a more nuanced portrayal of him as a man grappling with the complexities of fatherhood, marriage, and the battlegrounds of religious controversy.

This book demonstrates how Luther forged a new ideal of Christian manhood by examining his struggles with monastic vows, his transformation of the household as a spiritual center, and his reshaping of male authority. Integrating insights from cultural historians, gender studies, and feminist scholarship, Whitford analyzes the intersections of gender, power, and religion during a time of profound social upheaval and change. Through Luther's personal transformation, this book reveals how early Protestant ideals of masculinity were intricately tied to broader religious, political, and cultural changes that reshaped Europe. By placing Luther within the wider context of religious and social transformation, this work offers a fresh perspective on his impact and the changing notions of masculinity in the early modern period.

The Making of a Reformation Man is a valuable resource for scholars and students of the Reformations and gender theory, as well as readers interested in the broader implications of religious thought on societal roles and identity.

In recent years, the concepts of determinism, causality, and explanation have taken on particular importance in the economic literature. Due to the failures of economic predictions based on mathematical models, philosophers and economists turned their attention to methodological issues. At the same time, heterodox approaches to economics have received increased attention, including the Austrian school of economics, an intellectual tradition that perceives economics as a science of human action and has emphasised the role of causal explanations practically from its inception. This book opens by exploring disputes in the philosophy of science over the fundamental goal of science. While instrumentalists argue that scientists should aim at good predictions regardless of the veracity of theories, according to scientific realists, they should look for knowledge that reflects reality. The book shows that the Austrian tradition adheres to scientific realism and can be perceived as a middle ground between historicism and positivism. It discusses the determinism/free will problem in economics and its methodological relevance. Then, it examines various theories of causality (regularity, counterfactual, interventionist, probabilistic, and process/mechanistic) and their applicability to economics. Finally, it explores possible and desirable types of explanations in economics. As the book tries to show, the Austrian school offers a unique and valuable approach to these issues. The book will be of particular interest to readers in economic theory, philosophy of economics, and economic methodology, especially those appreciating heterodox traditions.

This book explores the Supermultiplier model which has rapidly evolved into a key analytical framework, embraced and debated by post-Keynesian economists across various schools of thought. At its core, the model extends Keynesian principles to the long run, asserting that economic growth and productive capacity are fundamentally shaped by effective demand. Central to this framework is the concept of autonomous demand-components of aggregate demand such as government spending, exports, and residential investment and credit-financed consumption that operate independently of income flows, driving growth and capital accumulation.

This book ventures into the relatively uncharted territory of how these autonomous demand components are financed. It highlights the indispensable role of endogenous money creation-credit expansion, state money, and external sector financing-in sustaining demand-led growth. Drawing from recent contributions, the book integrates credit and debt dynamics into the Supermultiplier model, offering insights into the financial underpinnings of autonomous demand.

A vital resource for understanding modern monetary economies, this book bridges theoretical advancements and practical policy implications, making it essential reading for economists, policymakers, and those intrigued by the intersection of demand, finance, and growth.

The chapters in this book were originally published in Review of Political Economy.