社会福祉・社会保障 — 全 下位分類

Prenatal genetic testing has changed the circumstances under which parents choose what pregnancies to carry to term. Some have predicted that as a result of parents' choices, people with Down syndrome will disappear from our communities in the near future. Chris Kaposy, a bioethicist who has a son with Down syndrome, reflects on parenting his son in the midst of this supposed disappearance.

Writing from a pro-choice, disability-positive perspective, Kaposy presents some of the decades-old bioethical controversies involving children with Down syndrome, illustrating a prehistory of disappearance that has shaped current attitudes toward intellectual disability. Layered throughout this history are elements of Kaposy's personal experience with his son and family. Transcending monograph and memoir, The Beautiful Unwanted draws creatively upon the past and the present, upon myth, history, science, and personal stories, to present the world of families that include children with Down syndrome from a series of uncommon perspectives. This account encompasses the changeling myths of Newfoundland, the "discovery" of Down syndrome by John Langdon Down and Jerome Lejeune, and the twentieth-century experience of institutionalization, as well as recent advances in reproductive technology.

We must recognize that we have some control over the future, Kaposy argues, and we must ask what kind of future we want for those who have intellectual disabilities. The Beautiful Unwanted poses this question in a way that is engaging, often bewildering, and always fascinating.

Explores how the institutional management of children's sexualities in boarding schools affected children's future social, political, and economic opportunities
Tracing the US's investment in disciplining minoritarian sexualities since the late nineteenth century, Mary Zaborskis focuses on a ubiquitous but understudied figure: the queer child. Queer Childhoods examines the lived and literary experiences of children who attended reform schools, schools for the blind, African American industrial schools, and Native American boarding schools. In mapping the institutional terrain of queer childhoods in educational settings of the late nineteenth- and twentieth-century, the book offers an original archive of children's sexual and embodied experiences.
Zaborskis argues that these boarding schools-designed to segregate racialized, criminalized, and disabled children from mainstream culture-produced new forms of childhood. These childhoods have secured American futures in which institutionalized children (and the adults they become) have not been considered full-fledged citizens or participants. By locating this queerness in state archives and institutions, Queer Childhoods exposes a queer social history entangled with genocide, eugenics, and racialized violence.

This book examines the emergence of authoritarian populist regimes, analyzing Brazil as a case study. The authors explain how the tactics employed by the Bolsonaro administration to dismantle bureaucracy and public policies, especially labour and social policies, find expression in the fiscal austerity measures recently inscribed in the Federal Constitution: a counter-democratic device employed by technical and financial elites to systemically derail the social protection system.

Through this in-depth case study, the book presents new theoretical arguments and concepts that can be useful to understand the dynamics of such new regimes, and discussing similar cases in other contexts. Democratic governments in Brazil, driven by social movements and political actors, have strengthened social protection through a distinctive institutional architecture that combines the strengthening of public bureaucracies, the creation of intergovernmental networks, and the democratic instances ofsocial participation and agreement. The contributions throughout this volume analyze these transformations in different sectors of public policy, such as labour, employment, pensions, food and nutrition security, health, and social assistance. Each contribution discusses the recent trajectory through a political analysis of the main actors and institutions, reform processes and policy changes, and the results achieved. Finally, the existing weaknesses in each of these social protection sectors are identified in the context of the literature on policy dismantling, revealing the strategies used to take advantage of these political and institutional weaknesses.

This book will appeal to students, scholars, and researchers of political science and public policy, interested in a better understanding of de-democratization by social policy dismantling.

An Open Access edition of this book is available on the Liverpool University Press website and the OAPEN library as part of the Opening the Future project with COPIM.

The earliest traceable accounts of the AIDS outbreak in Spain began to emerge during its political transition to democracy, with small clusters of cases appearing as early as 1981. HIV/AIDS would go on to shape Spain throughout its pivotal period as a fledgling democracy, underpinning the cultural explosions of the Movida, a sharp rise in intravenous drug use, and the struggles of a coalescing LGBT+ community. Feeling Sick: The Early Years of HIV/AIDS in Spain examines the cultural history of these early years of HIV/AIDS in Spain as it has been told through television and print media, ephemeral products of visual culture, fiction film, and the so-called risk groups that lived through the epidemic. The book draws on the work of Raymond Williams to characterize this emergent period within a structure of "feeling sick" and thus defined by discordant voices, disagreement, and meaning-making in a period of history in formation. Through close readings of Spanish visual culture and media alongside analysis of historical and medical documents, it asserts that a structure of feeling sick begins to coalesce around the emergence of HIV/AIDS and traces out a distinctive sense of living through history as it unfolds. By critically evaluating a selection of cultural materials, this book claims that the earliest years of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Spain reveal common fears about global connectivity, the proliferation of vulnerable ties to others, and the potential of cultural and physical contaminations. Ultimately, Feeling Sick challenges the dominant narratives in which life and disease are seen as separate and unequal, and in which illness is only destructive and devastating. An Open Access edition of this book is available on the Liverpool University Press website and the OAPEN library as part of the Opening the Future project with COPIM.

This book provides a picture of the abuse of older adults, organized by World Health Region and locating the problem within an area's historic and present societal treatment of older persons. An actual and emblematic case study of the abuse of an older adult frames each chapter. Using the case study as a touchstone, each chapter guides the reader's understanding of elder abuse in the region or country through the use of empirical data and research on the problem, explaining its usefulness and limitations as well as guiding frameworks utilized to address the problem. The book highlights the efforts of leading figures in each area or region who are addressing the problem, explaining existing policies and future initiatives to address the abuse of older adults. By providing a holistic and person-centered picture of the issue and problem of elder abuse, based on actual experiences as well as national and international statistics and research and politics and policy, this book is an invaluable resource for students, academics, social service practitioners, health professionals, law enforcement, and policymakers around the world.

In eighteenth-century Britain the worlds of literature and medicine were closely intertwined, and a diverse group of people participated in the circulation of medical knowledge. In this pre-professionalized milieu, several women writers made important contributions by describing a range of common yet often devastating illnesses.

In Reimagining Illness Heather Meek reads works by six major eighteenth-century women writers - Jane Barker, Anne Finch, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Hester Lynch Thrale Piozzi, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Frances Burney - alongside contemporaneous medical texts to explore conditions such as hysteria, melancholy, smallpox, maternity, consumption, and breast cancer. In novels, poems, letters, and journals, these writers drew on their learning and literary skill as they engaged with and revised male-dominated medical discourse. Their works provide insight into the experience of suffering and interrogate accepted theories of women's bodies and minds. In ways relevant both then and now, these women demonstrate how illness might be at once a bodily condition and a malleable construct full of ideological meaning and imaginative possibility.

Reimagining Illness offers a new account of the vital period in medico-literary history between 1660 and 1815, revealing how the works of women writers not only represented the medicine of their time but also contributed meaningfully to its developments.

This book compiles state-of-the art and science of health professions education into an international resource showcasing expertise in many and varied topics. It aligns profession-specific contributions with inter-professional offerings, and prompts readers to think deeply about their educational practices.

The book explores the contemporary context of health professions education, its philosophical and theoretical underpinnings, whole of curriculum considerations, and its support of learning in clinical settings. In specific topics, it offers approaches to assessment, evidence-based educational methods, governance, quality improvement, scholarship and leadership in health professions education, and some forecasting of trends and practices.

This book is an invaluable resource for students, educators, academics and anyone interested in health professions education.

With the vast majority of healthcare and social workers identifying as women, the vanguard of the COVID-19 response was distinctly gendered. In Conscripted to Care Julia Smith introduces us to the women who faced the worst effects of the pandemic and the inequities it exposed. Through clear prose and fascinating critical analysis, she documents their largely unseen contributions and sacrifices, both professional and domestic.

Drawing on interviews and focus groups with nearly two hundred women from a range of backgrounds and occupations, Smith reveals how structural inequality put women on the frontlines of the pandemic response, yet with inadequate resources and little voice in decision-making. Women shouldered not only the triple burden of paid work, unpaid care, and mental load, but also increased emotional labour. While some women were categorized as "essential," others remained in the shadows. All faced unsustainable workloads, moral distress, and burnout while continuing to demand better services for those in their care.

An analysis of Canada's COVID-19 response from the perspective of those who staffed it, Conscripted to Care presents crucial lessons for those interested in public health and how it relates to gender and economic equality, as well as public policy.

Illustrating the various contemporary topics of study used to explore the connections between migration and ageing, the Handbook discusses how the research interest surrounding this interrelation has developed. Chapters explore two central factors that have influenced the ageing-migration nexus, namely population ageing and the globalization of international migration. It aptly draws attention to conclusions drawn from already completed research ventures, before considering what research still needs to be conducted.

This innovative Handbook will be an ideal resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to familiarize themselves with the field. It will also be beneficial for more experienced researchers studying topics such as migration, welfare states and social gerontology, as well as academics looking to become more informed on the connections between migration and ageing.

"Paris is the centre of the cult," wrote Robert Hichens in Felix, his 1902 novel on the rising number of morphine addictions in Europe. In Paris, artists depicted the morphine addict numerous times, yet they disregarded the reality of France's addiction problem: male medical professionals made up the highest proportion of people who used morphine habitually. In oil paintings, caricatures, and lithographs, artists such as Pablo Picasso, Eugene Grasset, and Theophile Steinlen almost always depicted the morphine addict as a deviant female figure.

Artists sensationalized addiction to elicit shock and stand out in the crowded Parisian art market. Their artworks show influences from contemporary medical texts on addiction and artistic depictions of sex workers, lesbians, and other women deemed socially deviant. These images proliferated in French society, creating false narratives about who was or could become addicted to drugs and setting a precedent for the visualization of drug addiction. Hannah Halliwell links the feminization of addiction to broader anxieties in late nineteenth-century France - the defeat by Prussia in 1871, concerns about social decadence, a declining population, and a rising feminist movement.

Art, Medicine, and Femininity presents a new understanding of the history of addiction and substance use and its intersection with art and gender.

Garth Massey provides a down-to-earth guide to teaching and learning that emphasizes historically and comparatively the social construction and institutional maintenance of social inequality. It explores approaches to teaching big ideas and theories, along with the challenges raised by the notions and assumptions students bring to class. The author emphasizes how to unpack and make comprehensible the complexity of social inequality in society today and also how to explore the often quantitative understandings provided by contemporary research.

Highly attractive is the accessible style of this book, encouraging open classroom discussion and examination of sometimes contentious topics such as class and racial privilege, homelessness, gender preference and sexual identity, shrinking opportunities for social mobility, and global human migration. Its scope makes it a useful tool for instructors of social movements, globalization, race and ethnicity, gender studies, border studies and all courses that impart an understanding of social life.

This book traces the evolution of Covid across different geographic regions, showing how the varying responses of leaders, citizens and other key stakeholders in efforts to tackle the Covid crisis determined outcomes. It finds that leadership, in particular, played a critical role, while initial conditions, such as health-care spending and infrastructure are important factors contributing to a country's preparedness in coping with a pandemic.

This book discusses the development of key issues in research ethics relevant for clinical sociologists, concerning client rights to confidentiality, privacy, and informed consent. It describes the US human research protection system used by clinical and applied sociologists, through a history of research ethics, including the landmark Belmont Report and the creation of the regulatory structure of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in the United States. It also discusses ethical research systems in other nations like Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand. The book provides a comprehensive account of controversial studies in the US, including Milgram's Obedience to Authority, Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment, and the US Public Health Service, and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and analyzes how ethical concerns in these studies were or were not resolved.

This book covers a topic of core interest to clinical and applied sociologists and other social science practitioners who do research, as well as students and teachers in research ethics courses in anthropology, psychology, political science, sociology, and philosophy, thereby broadening an awareness of clinical sociology.

Highlighting the concept of 'social capitalism' and ensuring that it is consistent with our underlying theoretical vision of how capitalism works, chapters address the need for an alternative theory of economic policy-making by combining elements of Marx, Keynes, and Schumpeter (MKS). Applying their emphasis on distributive conflicts, effective demand, and innovation, the MKS system provides an in-depth description of capitalist dynamics and how they reflect observed capitalist history. Based on this approach, Capitalism, Inclusive Growth, and Social Protection suggests that an unregulated capitalistic system is inherently unstable, generates social inequality and is ultimately unviable.

This comprehensive book is an excellent resource for scholars concerned with alternatives to prevailing economics who wish to examine more intensively the current problems of capitalism. The analysis will also be of great value to policy makers and representatives of civil society.

Cross-disciplinary in scope, the Encyclopedia provides an accessible introduction to a wide variety of complex topics and presents a comprehensive overview of the latest findings in the field of health research. Entries examine timely issues such as big data in healthcare, complementary and alternative medicine, feminism and population health, social class and health inequalities, and vaccination debates. It ultimately exemplifies how social science perspectives can be deployed to help us better understand how individuals, institutions and society can act to support health and wellbeing.

This informative Encyclopedia will be an indispensable reference for undergraduate and postgraduate students across disciplines with an interest in the complex relations between health research and the social sciences.

Key Features:

• 65 fully-referenced entries
• An interdisciplinary approach, with topics ranging from animal studies to wellbeing
• Written in a concise and accessible style, enabling researchers and students of social science to consider how to relate entries to their own interests

In healthcare, quality management refers to the administration of systems design, policies, and processes that minimize, if not eliminate, harm while optimizing patient care and outcomes. Whether you are a hospital with 1,000 beds or 25, the fact remain that every hospital must navigate and manage the many complexities associated with a quality management system.

Why is quality management important in healthcare? There are numerous reasons why it is important to improve quality of healthcare, including enhancing the accountability of health practitioners and managers, resource efficiency, identifying, and minimizing medical errors while maximizing the use of effective care and improving outcomes, and aligning care to what users and patients want in addition to what they need.

Hospital Quality: Implementing, Managing, and Sustaining an Effective Quality Management System demonstrates a practical approach to managing and improving quality. Whether you agree with the premise that these activities are complex, this book will outline a standardized approach that any organization can adopt to meet their needs while accommodating the foundational concepts of quality improvement by accreditation agencies. It also outlines how to set-up and manage a quality management program as a part of continuous process improvement initiative, as well as the purpose and managing of a patient safety organization.

The purpose of this book is twofold. If you're a senior healthcare manager or director tasked with setting up a quality management system, this book will provide tools and techniques you can immediately apply. If you're a healthcare professional preparing for the CPHQ certification exam, this book will take you beyond study guides by explaining what you need to know and the why behind each concept.

This book is an interconnected history of the evolution of global health in the decades before 2019, told through the prism of six decisive moments in which individuals from the World Health Organization (WHO), philanthropic foundations, academia and bilateral agencies came together to shape the world.

These critical junctures are accessed via the life and work of Norwegian immunologist Tore Godal, one of the most influential health physicians of all time. Godal's career over the past 50 years offers a window into the profound events that have shaped the health and well-being of millions across the globe, including the first free donation of a drug for the treatment of river blindness; the entry of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation into the global health arena with a $750 million start-up grant for GAVI, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization; the 50% reduction in under-five mortality rates this century; the emergence of insecticide bed nets as the cornerstone of WHO malaria control; the rise of maternal and child health on the global political agenda; and the connection between Ebola and the creation of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in 2017.

Exploring the ways in which the trajectory of global health has interwoven with the rich life and legacy of Godal, this book is a crucial resource for any reader interested in global health.

Rethinking Retirement for Positive Ageing is a practical guide that shows you how to make retirement successful, based on the most up-to-date research available. It encourages a deeper and wider view of retirement and reveals how retirement can be a time of transition, renewal, and re-imagination.

Written by career coach Dr Denise Taylor, it considers the psychological factors that impact a successful adjustment to retirement and offers a deeper analysis of how people can find meaning and purpose after full-time work. It examines retirement as an event that often brings about great changes in a person's personal and social life, and how to move forward with meaning in life. Illustrated with interviews, activities, and case studies, and with exercises and questions for reflection, it covers key topics including identity, health, well-being, finances, and relationships.

This insightful guidebook is for all prospective and current retirees as well as employers, careers professionals, and counsellors who want to help people reflect on their approaches to retirement. You can visit the website and find publication resources linked to the book here: https://denisetaylor.co.uk/rethinking-retirement/

This practical and positive guide shows how good, effective reflection can help people to stay on track, as well as understand what is working well and what might be improved - essential skills for leaders at all levels of practice from newly qualified staff to senior managers.

Supporting readers to link theory and action with reflection, the authors illustrate how practitioners can exercise their own kinds of leadership to strengthen, improve and thrive. Taking a realistic and achievable view of leadership, the book:

• reviews the different leadership approaches and styles that help to inform us about what makes a good leader;
• explores the role of emotional intelligence, appreciative intelligence and narrative intelligence in leadership, especially in complex, challenging and continually changing healthcare settings; and
• uses case studies and practice examples to ensure the book is relevant, current and helpful.

Reflective leadership is fundamental to providing safe, effective healthcare to all patients, as well as enhancing resilience for individuals, teams and organisations. This guide is an essential read for healthcare students and practitioners, no matter at what stage or level they are at as a leader.

A leading neuroscientist argues that the peripheral nervous system, long understood to play a key role in regulating basic bodily functions, also signals the onset of illness.

The central nervous system, consisting of the brain and the spinal cord, has long been considered the command center of the body. Yet outside the central nervous system, an elaborate network of nerve cells and fibers extends throughout our bodies, transmitting messages between the brain and other organs. The peripheral nervous system, as it's known, regulates such vital functions as heart rate, digestion, and perspiration and enables us to experience the barrage of sounds, tastes, smells, and other sensory information that surrounds us. But beyond these crucial roles, the peripheral nervous system might do even more: it might warn us of diseases in our future.

As Moses Chao argues in Periphery, from Parkinson's disease to autism to dementia, many neurological conditions emerge not in the brain but rather within the peripheral nervous system, in the dense network of nerves that wrap around the gastrointestinal tract. What's more, dysfunctions of the peripheral nervous system can signal the onset of disease decades before symptoms like tremor or memory loss occur. Fortunately, unlike nerves in the brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves can heal and regenerate in response to injury and aging. The therapeutic implications are remarkable. Chao shows how, with a better understanding of the peripheral nervous system, we could not only predict and treat neurological diseases long before their onset, but possibly prevent them altogether.

Full of new ideas and bold interpretations of the latest data, Periphery opens exciting avenues for medical research while deepening our understanding of a crucial yet underappreciated biological system.

A primary source collection of the local impact of the COVID pandemic on a college community which both records and reflects upon the nature of daily life during a crisis.

Chronicling a Crisis is a powerful primary source collection compiled during the peak of the COVID pandemic between spring 2020 and spring 2021. This upstate New York college was the only school in the state that had to send home all its students twice due to COVID, which attracted international media attention. This book was inspired by the UK's Mass Observation Project from the 1930s, which drew on the war-time diaries of ordinary British citizens to track the impact of World War II on their lives. With over two hundred blog entries from students, faculty, and staff-including diary reflections, poems, pictures, and thought pieces-this volume lays bare the grief, frustration, fear, resilience, and upheavals of this tumultuous period. This book will be of interest for students of New York history, American history and the digital humanities as well as general readers interested in understanding the impact of the COVID pandemic on universities and their students.

This book is freely available in an open access edition.