社会福祉・社会保障 — 全 下位分類

Research suggests that about 1% of the world's population is on the autism spectrum. Discover the answers to common questions about living with neurodiversity.

Part of the Q&A Health Guides series, this book offers a broad introduction to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The book's 47 questions cover what ASD is and its common characteristics, the biological and environmental factors that may lead to ASD, how autism is diagnosed and managed, and how those living with ASD can reach their full potential. Autism: Your Questions Answered addresses these and other topics in a way that both celebrates neurodiversity and acknowledges the many challenges that those with ASD face.

Augmenting the main text, a collection of 5 case studies illustrate key concepts and issues through relatable stories and insightful recommendations. The common misconceptions section at the beginning of the volume dispels 5 long-standing and harmful myths about ASD, directing readers to additional information in the text. The glossary defines terms that may be unfamiliar to readers, while the directory of resources curates a list of the most useful books, websites, and other materials. Finally, whether they're looking for more information about this subject or any other health-related topic, readers can turn to the guide to health literacy section for practical tools and strategies for finding, evaluating, and using credible sources of health information both on and off the Internet.

This open access edited collection provides a long-overdue examination of a practice that is continuously involved in managing, regulating, and subordinating individuals and communities.

While it is well established that neoliberal systems of population management are designed to target the "constructed other," there is considerably less research examining how social work in particular interacts with the vestiges of colonialism to further this practice. Gathering social work scholars and practitioners from around the world, this collection offers a geographically diverse array of ambitious and insightful theoretical, conceptual, and practical discussions of how social work can perpetuate the afterlives of colonialism and of how this can be reversed. In so doing, this book not only provides in-depth, empirically grounded critiques of - and antidotes to - various policies for managing people at the margins of society, it also makes a compelling case for always keeping the complexity of colonial continuity in conversation with neoliberal systems of governance. As these chapters show, it is only by keeping the full complexity of such confluences in mind that social inequality and institutional racism can be understood and that possibilities for change can emerge.

For its fundamental contributions to the literature on postcolonial social work, this is essential reading for social work researchers and postgraduates; and for its plainspoken tone and practical recommendations, it is a go-to source for social work practitioners eager to align their own everyday work with the demands of global justice.

The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the Bloomsbury Open Collections Library Collective.

This book offers new knowledge on the intricate interplay between employment and disability. It provides a timely scholarly deliberation and presents policy solutions to tackle the persistently high unemployment among people with disabilities. This critical issue in the labour market obstructs fostering inclusive economic growth by ensuring employment opportunities for all under Goal 8 of the Sustainable Development Goals.

This insightful work dissects how negative stereotypes of people with disabilities in the labour market are perpetuated and highlights knowledge gaps in the available literature on the disability-employment relationship. It offers a systematic empirical analysis of the patterns of the unemployment rate of people with disabilities and its convergence, and it examines the determinants of the unemployment gap between people with and without disabilities. Theoretical deliberations are presented regarding the effectiveness of labour market interventions designed to solve this issue.

By exploring the concept of disability and offering empirical analysis and labour market solutions, this book serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, advocates, and anyone committed to achieving more inclusive economic growth and moving towards a more humanistic economy.

This open access book investigates from a life-course perspective the individualization process and the challenges faced by young adults in post-collectivist China, where people are enjoined to "liberate" (jiefang) their individual capacities, to "rely on themselves" (kao ziji) and to no longer "depend on the state" (kao guojia). Based on unique quantitative and qualitative data, this book provides a solid empirical portrait of Chinese youths and transformation of social policies in post-collectivist China

This book will be a great resource to students, academics as well as social scientists and policy-makers who wish not only to understand how, in such a short period of time, young adults and their families have managed to navigate from a relatively egalitarian society to one of the most unequal, but also how the articulation between socialist and neoliberal ideologies is reconfiguring social and economic relations as well as women's and men's life-course.

The basis of the English translation of this book from its French original manuscript was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision and rewriting of the content was done by the author.

This open access book argues that a new policy approach is required in order to tackle the numerous problems the world is currently facing. The priority should be on achieving better outcomes for people, especially those facing deprivation or precariousness, by meeting their basic needs. In order to achieve this, the book develops a monitoring system that can act as an objective, an incentive, and a criterion of success for policy makers at all levels of government and in civil society, as well as providing information to guide specific actions. In doing so, the book aims to promote good health and positive social functioning by providing a new approach to help assess how well basic human needs are being met. This involves monitoring the outcomes of the economy that ought to satisfy these needs. It will appeal to all those interested in public policy, official statistics and monitoring, public health and wellbeing, as well as practitioners.

Offers Bioethics a bold approach to redress its failing of Black women
Black people, and especially Black women, suffer and die from diseases at much higher rates than their white counterparts. The vast majority of these health disparities are not attributed to behavioral differences or biology, but to the pervasive devaluation of Black bodies.
Womanist Bioethics addresses this crisis from a bioethical standpoint. It offers a critique of mainstream bioethics as having embraced the perspective of its mainly white, male progenitors, limiting the extent to which it is positioned to engage the issues that particularly affect vulnerable populations. This book makes the provocative but essential case that because African American women- across almost every health indicator- fare worse than others. We must not only include, but center, Black women's experiences and voices in bioethics discourse and practice.
To this end, Womanist Bioethics develops the first specifically womanist form of bioethics, focused on the diverse vulnerabilities and multiple oppressions that women of color face. This innovative womanist bioethics is grounded in the Black Christian prophetic tradition, based on the ideas that God does not condone oppression and that it is imperative to defend those who are vulnerable. It also draws on womanist theology and Black liberation theology, which take similar stances. At its core, the volume offers a new, broad-based approach to bioethics that is meant as a corrective to mainstream bioethics' privileging of white, particularly male, experiences, and it outlines ways in which hospitals, churches, and the larger community can better respond to the healthcare needs of Black women.

This book is the collection of selected articles that appeared at the First International Analytics Conference 2023 held in Hyderabad in virtual mode on February 2nd the 3rd 2023. This informative volume offers a window into recent breakthroughs shaping healthcare, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. It showcases the cutting-edge developments in these essential fields. Explore the progress in healthcare, from personalized medicine to telemedicine and innovative treatments, demonstrating how technology is enhancing patient care and transforming global health. Dive into the agricultural sector, where precision farming, genetic engineering, and sustainable practices are revolutionizing food production. Science and innovation play a key role in building a more resilient and food-secure future.

In recent years, debates over healthcare have accompanied rapid advances in technology, from the expansion of telehealth services to artificial intelligence driven diagnostics. In this book, Shawn Bender delves into the world of Japanese robots engineered for care. Care robots (kaigo robotto) emerged early in the 21st century, when roboticists began converting assembly line technologies into responsive machines for older adults and people with disabilities. These robots are meant to be felt and programmed to feel. While some greet them with enthusiasm, others fear that they might replace a fundamentally human task. Based on fieldwork in Japan, Denmark, and Germany, Bender traces the emergence of care robots in Japan and examines their impact on therapeutic practice around the world.

Social science scholarship on robotics tends to be either speculative-imagining life together with robots-or experimental-observing robot-human interaction in laboratories or through short-term field studies. Instead, Bender follows roboticists developing technologies in Japan, and travels with the robots themselves into everyday sites of care, tracking the integration of robots into institutional care and the connection of care practice to robotics development. By exploring the application of Japanese robotics across the globe, Feeling Machines highlights the entanglements of therapeutic practice and technological innovation in an age of more-than-human care.

A groundbreaking exploration of celiac disease, a serious autoimmune condition that affects approximately three million Americans, or 1 percent of the population
The manifestations of celiac disease-including anemia, gastrointestinal problems, and infertility-are diverse and can have severe consequences if left untreated. The only therapy is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Because many doctors know little about celiac, nearly half of the individuals with the disease remain undiagnosed, and many wait years for the correct diagnosis.
In Gluten Free for Life, Emily K. Abel delves into the social, cultural, and historical dimensions of celiac disease, and sheds light on the challenges faced by affected individuals. The book uncovers the profit- driven motivations behind certain food companies, which often produce exorbitantly priced and ultraprocessed gluten-free products that remain out of reach for many people. Abel also emphasizes the parallels between celiac disease and other disabilities, stressing the condition's invisible nature. The absence of observable symptoms poses significant challenges in terms of social interactions, workplace dynamics, and the overall perception of those living with the disease.
Abel cautions against viewing a medical cure as the sole solution for celiac disease. Instead, she advocates for a comprehensive approach that addresses the socioeconomic factors impacting adherence to the gluten-free diet. By redirecting attention toward necessary social and political reforms, Gluten Free for Life proposes remedies capable of alleviating the burdens faced by individuals with celiac disease.

This book explores the effect of the pandemic on human rights; civil and political rights (CPR); economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR); and freedoms around the world.

The COVID-19 pandemic radically changed many aspects of the lives of individuals and entire societies. This crisis and the unprecedented experience required extraordinary solutions, regulations, and rapid responses from decision-makers to limit the spread of the disease and protect societies. To this end, during this period, many countries chose to impose states of emergency, resulting in the granting of extraordinary powers to the executive. This has sometimes been a very convenient pretext for introducing various types of restrictions, oppressive surveillance, and other legal arrangements that can be qualified as human rights violations. The authors make a scholarly summary of this period, identifying possible rights violations - but above all - recommendations for the future. This crisis has shown how important it is to have universal, equitable health and social protection systems that cover all community members equally and without discrimination, and the authors remodel the concept of "human rights" and "human needs". The book covers varied examples from lockdowns to vaccination to information control, across Spain, Poland, South Africa and Uganda, the Czech Republic, Belarus and Ukraine, and Russia.

This book will appeal to higher-level students and scholars of law, political science, and international relations and will also be helpful for public policymakers at national and international levels.

How human institutions-markets, states, communities, religions, guilds and families-have helped both to control and to exacerbate epidemics throughout history.

How do societies tackle epidemic disease? In Controlling Contagion, Sheilagh Ogilvie answers this question by exploring seven centuries of pandemics, from the Black Death to Covid-19. For most of history, infectious diseases have killed many more people than famine or war, and in 2019 they still caused one death in four. Today, we deal with epidemics more successfully than our ancestors managed plague, smallpox, cholera or influenza. But we use many of the same approaches. Long before scientific medicine, human societies coordinated and innovated in response to biological shocks-sometimes well, sometimes badly.

Ogilvie uses historical epidemics to analyse how human societies deal with "externalities"-situations where my action creates costs or benefits for others beyond those that I myself incur. Social institutions-markets, states, communities, religions, guilds, and families-help us manage the negative externalities of contagion and the positive externalities of social distancing, sanitation, and immunization. Ogilvie shows how each institution enables us to coordinate, innovate and inspire each other to limit contagion. But each institution also has weaknesses that can make things worse. Markets shut down voluntarily during every epidemic in history-but they also brought people together, spreading contagion. States mandated quarantines, sanitation, and immunization-but they also waged war and censored information, exacerbating epidemics. Religions admonished us to avoid infecting our neighbours-but they also preached against science and medical innovations. What decided the outcome, Ogilvie argues, was a temperate state, an adaptable market, and a strong civil society where a diversity of institutions played to their own strengths and checked each other's flaws.

Deaths from preventable diseases have decreased life expectancy in the United States for the first time in a century, making it clear that we must deal with the crisis by embracing prevention as our nation's top health sector priority.

In Prevention First, Dr. Anand K. Parekh, chief medical advisor of the Bipartisan Policy Center, argues that disease prevention must be our nation's top health policy priority. Building a personal culture of prevention, he writes, is not enough; elected officials and policymakers must play a greater role in reducing preventable deaths. This second edition includes important new developments in health policy, including US responses to and lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and the addition of learning objectives and key takeaways in each chapter to aid students and faculty.

Drawing on his experiences as a clinician, public servant, and policy advisor, Dr. Parekh provides examples of prevention in action from across the country, giving readers a view into why prevention-first policies are important and how they can be accomplished. Throughout the book, he demonstrates that, in order to optimize health in America, we must leverage health insurance programs to promote disease prevention, expand primary care, attend to the social determinants of health, support making the healthier choice the easy choice for individuals, and increase public health investments.

Providing concrete steps that federal policymakers should take to promote prevention both within and outside our healthcare sector, Prevention First not only sounds the alarm about the terrible consequences of preventable disease but serves as a rallying cry that we can and must do better in this country to reduce preventable deaths.

Although considered an isolated event, the Italian government's initial resistant response to COVID-19 has deep historical roots. This is the first interdisciplinary book to critically examine the ongoing phenomenon of disguising contagious disease in Italy from Unification to the present.

The book explores how governments, public opinion, social entities and cultural production have avoided or sublimated contagion during cholera, typhoid, syphilis, malaria, HIV and COVID-19 to impose narratives of the nation's healthy body in Italy and its colonies. Examples range from a tuberculosis sanatorium in Capri that masked as a luxury hotel and hideaway for queer couples to an obscure but talented professor who found a new cure for syphilis; from denial of disease in governmental actions to sublimated representations in Italian art, literature and films such as Luchino Visconti's cinematic adaptation of Thomas Mann's Death in Venice to a sociological study of the need to include fragile figures based on the lessons of COVID-19.

Intended for scholars, students and general readers interested in the history of medicine, political and cultural history, and Italian studies, this volume shows how contagious diseases clash with the official narrative of emerging modernized urban settings and challenge the desire for political and economic stability.

This edited book argues that a new perspective on immigration is needed. As many advanced economies are ageing, and their populations stagnate or decline, immigrants are increasingly required to fill in the gaps left behind by shrinking workforces. Against this backdrop, the outdated view that it is - and can only be - a privilege for immigrants to move temporarily from less to more developed economies needs a rethink. In particular, questions about how attractive a host destination can be for immigrants; not just in economic, but also in social, political, linguistic, and cultural terms should be raised.

Considering in detail the situation in Japan and Germany - Japan where there are hardly any convenience stores without foreign employees, Germany where retirement homes would no longer function without foreign nursing staff - the book analyses migration to these two countries in different aspects such as education, training, and labour market participation, and policies and actions on the part of the state and policymakers in rendering moving to and living in these countries worthwhile.

Bringing together leading scholars active in diverse aspects of migration in Japan and Germany, this book will be a valuable resource to students and scholars with an interest in immigration issues in these two countries specifically, and Europe and Asia more broadly.

This thought-provoking book exposes the values, judgements, and hierarchies that underlie ageism in care settings. Destabilizing the assumption that biases like ageism are always bad, Buetow suggests that ageism is normatively neutral and that truly person-centred care requires situated acknowledgement of and responsiveness to its negative and positive aspects.

Buetow contends that respecting meaningful age differences between persons as moral agents puts ageism on the radar of care environments, weakening barriers to engagement. His analysis moves from concern for age-friendliness to prudent ageism that enables person-centred care to apply practical wisdom in everyday, age-sensitive judgement and decision-making. Challenging political correctness and advocating for justice rather than social justice, Buetow discusses how prudent ageism may advantage some age groups over others in particular circumstances while providing a moral structure for managing real rather than socially constructed differences.

Looking at how age-sensitive judgments combined with a person first approach can inform research, policy, and practice, this book will interest students and researchers from fields like health and social care, and disciplines, such as sociology, psychology, politics, and philosophy.

Addressing the fact that under-representation has been a concern for medical educators, medical councils, and the government for some time, this book presents the first evidence-based monograph for pedagogies that can be applied to all aspects of widening participation, tackling chronic under-representation in medical settings.

Discussing implications that have international ramifications for the field, the chapters showcase a variety of case studies, research, and evaluations that draw on experiences and insights from a wide range of current practitioners, exploring topics such as outreach, access, selection, retention, and progression. From widening participation leads and officers to national representative bodies and students from medical schools nationwide, the book sets out perspectives, guidelines, and research that can be applied throughout the medical student life cycle. Novel in approach and timely in content, this edited collection coincides with the drive to increase social mobility and the proportion of medical students from educationally and socially disadvantaged backgrounds, directly tackling the class system and elitism present in the medical professions.

This book will be of great benefit to scholars, researchers, and postgraduate students in the fields of medical education, multicultural education, and higher education, as well as those researching the idea of widening participation in the medical field and diversity in the professions more specifically.

This book is an evaluation of the effectiveness of housing enforcement and tenant protection in England's private rented sector using policy analysis to evaluate regulatory provisions and local authority guidance to identify the advantages and limitations of existing policies. From the environmental health practitioner perspective, the targeted health problem is occupiers privately renting from negligent or criminal landlords who are subsequently exposed to hazardous conditions arising from disrepair.

Paul Oatt's analysis looks at the powers local authorities have to address retaliatory eviction when enforcing against housing disrepair and digs deeper into their duties to prevent homelessness and powers to protect tenants from illegal eviction. He then explores the potential for tenants to take private action against landlords over failures to address disrepair, before finally discussing proposals put forward by the government to abolish retaliatory evictions and improve security of tenure with changes to contractual arrangements between landlords and tenants, based on successive stakeholder consultations. The policy analysis looks at these aspects to define the overall effectiveness of housing strategies and their implementation, examining causality, plausibility and intervention logic as well as the unintended effects on the population. Equitability is examined to see where policy effects create inequalities as well as the costs, feasibility and acceptability of policies from landlords' and tenants' perspectives.

The book will be of relevance to professionals interested in housing and health, as well as students at universities that teach courses in environmental health, public health, and housing studies.

Explores the ways welfare recipients lack adequate political representation
Who deserves public assistance from the government? This age-old question has been revived by policymakers, pundits, and activists following the massive economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Anne Whitesell takes up this timely debate, showing us how our welfare system, in its current state, fails the people it is designed to serve. From debates over stimulus check eligibility to the uncertain future of unemployment benefits, Living Off the Government? tackles it all.
Examining welfare rules across eight different states, as well as 19,000 state and local interest groups, Whitesell shows how we determine who is-and who isn't-deserving of government assistance. She explores racial and gender stereotypes surrounding welfare recipients, particularly Black women and mothers; how different groups take advantage of these harmful stereotypes to push their own political agendas; and how the interests and needs of welfare recipients are inadequately represented as a result.
Living Off the Government? highlights how harmful stereotypes about the race, gender, and class of welfare recipients filter into our highly polarized political arena to shape public policy. Whitesell calls out a system that she believes serves special interests and not the interests of low-income Americans.

This new edition of Viral Pandemics illuminates how the increasing emergence of novel viruses has combined with intensifying global interconnectedness to create an escalating spiral of viral disease. It includes an introduction to the key characteristics of viral pathogens that make them so dangerous followed by a comprehensive survey of epidemic viral disease from 1900 to the present.

Now featuring new chapters on COVID-19 and mpox, the book uses an historical narrative to follow the path of each virus from its original detection to its emergence as an explosive pandemic. This allows readers to appreciate the biologic potential of the virus, the dynamics of epidemic disease spread, and the contemporaneous abilities of medicine and science to contend with the pathogen. In parallel, the book discusses those elements of connectedness that enable a localized disease outbreak to become a global pandemic, allowing readers to appreciate the increasingly critical role that human activity plays in global disease. In the last two chapters, the authors take a different approach. A Look Back critically evaluates the response to COVID-19 against the history of the emergence of public health in response to several other modern global pandemics and identifies some lessons we can still learn to improve our response to future pandemics. A Way Forward integrates the biologic and environmental factors that emerged as critical in the analysis of all the pandemics in the book and then uses this composite picture to propose ways to interrupt the escalating cycle of viral pandemic disease.

Written in a straightforward and accessible style, this book is ideal reading for students of public health and its history, the history of medicine and medical anthropology, as well as general readers keen to understand how viral pandemics have shaped, and continue to shape, millions of lives.

This important volume provides not only an in-depth analysis of those risk communication strategies currently used to inform and educate the public about key health issues, but also the risks and effects of radon, a natural but carcinogenic gas that so far has seen relatively little wider coverage.

As the leading cause of lung cancer worldwide after smoking, radon is an important yet hidden public health issue, but informing and educating the public about its hazards and dangers is far from straightforward. As well as offering a detailed overview of issues around radon itself, the book asserts that public health communication should be dialogic and interactive, culturally tailored to specific populations to ensure people comprehend and appreciate the risk to themselves and their environments. The challenges are, of course, significant in a pluralistic media landscape where disinformation and misinformation threaten the integrity of any message sent.

Featuring chapters from researchers across a range of disciplines, this enlightening book will interest students, scholars and professionals working in Public Health, Environment Health and Communication Studies.

This book develops a care justice framework to critique and disrupt current policies and reframe a policy blueprint for elevating a just organization of care for unpaid family caregivers and underpaid home care workers assisting older adults. In doing so, Hooyman invites readers to envision a society that fully values the essential work of care.

The book is distinctive in its analysis of the interrelationships among both types of care laborers, who often face structural constraints on their decision to care and whose work is devalued and marginalized. Their care work affects every member of society, but it is generally invisible to others, and its economic value is rarely recognized by policymakers. How care work is organized and unrewarded typically has the most financial, physical, and emotional costs for women, people of color, and immigrants across the life course. Inequities for care workers by race, immigrant status, class, and sexual orientation are rooted in systemic racism, sexism, classism, xenophobia, and homophobia. In this book, policy priorities and change strategies are reframed to attain the six core components of a care justice framework, which include fundamental structural changes to elevate care work, ensure meaningful choice to care, and reduce systemic inequities faced by care workers. This framework is informed by feminism, Black feminism, intersectionality, and care theory. By conceptualizing care justice, the author aims to stimulate new discourse and action related to the care of older adults - the most important work in society - and make the seemingly unattainable attainable.

This timely book will be salient to anyone committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion and with an interest in policy, gerontology, disability studies, ethnic studies, feminist studies, social justice, social work, and social welfare.

The riveting account of how asymptomatic transmission drove COVID-19's global spread and catalyzed interventions to control it.

Why was COVID-19 so difficult to contain and so devastating to people and economies worldwide? In Asymptomatic, author Joshua S. Weitz explains how silent transmission enabled COVID-19's massive and tragic global impact.

Weaving the science of viral infections together with an insider's look at response efforts, Weitz guides readers through the shockwaves of successive epidemic waves as public health officials and academic research teams confronted the rise and risk of what was then a burgeoning global pandemic. The discovery of asymptomatic spread also fueled competing narratives: either COVID-19 was about to dissipate as quickly as it had emerged or completely disrupt life as we knew it.

Weitz, a physicist-turned-biologist who directs a quantitative viral dynamics research group and has been immersed in COVID-19 response efforts, explains both why and how scientists tried to wade through competing narratives and warn the public of COVID-19's profound risk. As explored through a careful analysis of local outbreaks, accessible descriptions of virus dynamics, and the use of predictive models to guide response efforts, Asymptomatic provides readers a unique look into the secret ingredient that allowed COVID-19 to spread across borders and the high-impact interventions needed to fight it and future pandemics.