歴史学 — 全 下位分類

Nach dem Deutsch-Franzoesischen Krieg verdecken die Millionen-Reparationen die Folgen der gewaltigen gesellschaftlichen Umgestaltung, die Preussen erfasst hat. Mit Zeitverzug treffen sie auf die Landwirtschaft. Das loest krisenhafte Erscheinungen auf dem vom Grossgrundbesitz dominierten platten Land aus. Landflucht, daraus resultierender Arbeitskraeftemangel und zunehmende soziale Spannungen verschaerfen die Lage. Besitzende und Herrschende sinnen auf Abhilfe. Sie finden zwei Auswege: Wiederherstellung eines kraeftigen und lebensfaehigen Bauernstandes und Ausstattung der auf dem Land Arbeitenden mit einem Flecken Land als ?Bindungsmittel". Die Idee des Rentengutes wird geboren und die Bodenreform scheint auf. Max Weber gibt die Parole aus: Das Land der Masse!

Wolfgang Bloess nimmt die Bestrebungen um die Aenderungen der Grundbesitzverteilung in den Blick und zeigt ferner, dass Absicht und Prognosen sich nicht sogleich erfuellten, sondern eine Entwicklung in Gang setzten, die ueber die Blut- und Bodenpolitik und den Generalplan Ost der Nationalsozialisten schliesslich zur Bodenreform in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone und zur Umformung des gesamten laendlichen Raums in diesem Gebiet fuehrte.

This book offers an alternative narrative of the global history of political economy. From ancient civilizations to modern times, zero-sum logic has been a fundamental, yet often ignored, driving force behind political and economic systems worldwide. The authors reveal the contradictions within various ideologies -particularly liberalism and neoliberalism- that claim win-win scenarios while in fact relying on zero-sum principles.

By examining systems from mercantilism to digital economies, the book shows how zero-sum logic underpins diverse economic and political doctrines, including authoritarianism, democracy, and policies like austerity. It combines economic history, political philosophy, historical sociology, and geopolitics in an interdisciplinary approach and comprehensive analysis. The book uncovers how zero-sum logic has historically informed both ideology and practice, challenging prevailing narratives and highlighting the paradoxes within our global economic system.

The book will appeal to students, scholars, and researchers from these disciplines, interested in a better understanding of the economic dynamics that shape our world, and the need for a new, cooperative approach to global political economy.

This book offers a comprehensive study of the ways Wales and Welsh people have historically engaged with-and imagined-Jews, Judaism, and Israel-Palestine. This volume argues that Wales is allosemitic, a term that encompasses both positive and negative attitudes towards Jews, but which views Jews as fundamentally different from the non-Jewish mainstream.

Jews and Judaism have long-albeit hidden-histories in Wales, but traditionally, little has been written about non-Christian religions in Wales. Jews often served as allegorical figures in medieval poetry and chronicles; in the early modern period, Welsh Christian evangelists expressed missionary zeal toward Jews. In the twentieth century, policy driven by Welshmen like David Lloyd George and T.E. Lawrence changed the Middle East's political landscape forever. In the modern era, many Welsh intellectuals have become deeply involved in discussions around colonialism and conquest through the lens of the Israel-Palestine conflict: the latest iteration of a centuries-old conversation about self-determination, nationhood, identity, and more.

This set of four volumes draws together extended material from across the topics of music in Britain in the long nineteenth century, particularly focussing on documents not readily accessible or not commonly quoted in the literature. Together they will form an important resource for students and scholars of music and culture.

The general introduction explores the state of research into music in nineteenth-century Britain from a historiographical perspective, as well as an assessment of the most pressing themes for the immediate future of the discipline. Introductions to each thematic section briefly review the relevant literature and the most important points of concern, while a short preface to each document points out particular points of note, context, and explanations of any unusual phrases.

Each sub-topic includes four or five documents drawn from newspapers, journals, pamphlets and, where possible, archival material. Documents will span the full length of the nineteenth century and a significant number will be drawn from the writings of Scottish, Welsh and Irish authors.

De Medicina Equorum (On the Medicine of Horses) by Jordanus Ruffus of Calabria is a foundational medieval treatise on horse care and the treatment of equine diseases. Drawing on his experience as a stablemaster at the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Jordanus Ruffus combines practical guidance, clinical observation, and theoretical knowledge to provide a comprehensive account of equine management and health in the thirteenth century. This edition, based on Heironymous Molin's Latin transcription, presents the treatise in its first complete English translation, making an influential medieval text accessible to modern readers for the first time.

This book is divided into three parts, beginning with an introduction to Jordanus Ruffus, his treatise, and its reception by Molin and modern historians. The second, larger part provides a facing-page Latin-English translation of the full text of De Medicina Equorum. The third part of this edition is a glossary, which provides some of the more important Latin terms with English translations and comparisons to modern equine diseases.

On the Medicine of Horses is essential reading for students and scholars of historical horsemanship, human-animal relationships, and medieval veterinary studies, as well as practitioners interested in historical approaches to equine care.

This volume will focus on the locations in which pharmacy was practised and how practice varied with location. The emphasis will be on chemists' shops in the community and the emergence of chain pharmacies after 1880. It will also include primary sources illustrating the practice of pharmacy in military and naval hospitals, in prisons dispensaries, and in a wide range of voluntary and municipal hospitals and sanatoria, drawing on both national and local archival sources. Relevant sources will also be included relating to the activities of pharmacists employed in schools of pharmacy, colleges, and universities.

Through a comprehensive account of the Socratic Club's history, Jim Stockton draws focus to the significant role that the club played in shaping mid-twentieth century philosophical and theological debate.

Although the Socratic Club is most often identified with its first club president, C. S. Lewis, Stockton demonstrates that the club was much more than an apologetic platform for Christocentric and conservative views. As an inter-disciplinary forum, with a preference for theological and philosophical arguments, the club's history is a microcosm of the debates that occurred between many of the more widely recognized intellectuals of the previous century. The book delves into the club's most prominent participants, such as G.E.M. Anscombe, A.J. Ayer, Austin Farrer, Philippa Foot, Richard M. Hare, Alasdair MacIntyre, Donald M. MacKinnon, Eric Mascall, Basil Mitchell, Iris Murdoch, Gilbert Ryle, Mary Warnock, Bernard Williams, Charles Williams, and many others. Through an exploration of the club's minutes and a wide variety of secondary material, each chapter of this book offers insight on the Socratic Club's role in addressing concerns related to the interaction of Christian ideology and academic philosophy.

Using public storytelling as driving force, this book explores everyday social moralities relating to stories of sex, crime, violence, and nightlife in the 1920s city space. Focusing on capitalist New York, communist Odessa, and colonial Bombay, Mark D. Steinberg taps in to the global dimension of complex everyday moral anxiety that was prevalent in a vital and troubled decade.

Moral Storytelling in 1920s New York, Odessa, and Bombay compares and connects stories of the street in three compelling cosmopolitan port cities. It offers novel insights into significant and varied areas of study, including city life, sex, prostitution, jazz, dancing, gangsters, criminal undergrounds, cinema, ethnic and racial experiences and conflicts, prohibition and drinking, street violence, 'hooliganism' and other forms of 'deviance' in the contexts of capitalism, colonialism, communism, and nationalism.

The book tells the stories of moralizers: empowered and insistent critics of deviance driven to investigate, interpret, and interfere with how people lived and played. Beside them, not always comfortably, were the policemen and journalists who enforced and documented these efforts. It also reveals the histories of women and men, mostly working class and young, who were observed and categorized: those judged to be wayward, disreputable, disorderly, debauched, and wild. Steinberg explores this global culture war and the everyday moral improvisations-shaped by experiences of class, generation, gender, ethnicity, and race-that came with it.

This volume will focus on the products that are the most closely associated with pharmacy and on their commodification during the course of the century. It will include material relating to the sourcing of both natural and synthetic medicines which will help to illuminate processes of drug discovery and the rise of the pharmaceutical industry in Britain. Other topics addressed will include the invention of new dosage forms, the development of pharmaceutical technology, and the growth of proprietary medicines. It will also consider concerns with drug quality and safety and the preparation of a British Pharmacopoeia.

This book offers a comprehensive guide to the works of Seneca the Younger (4 BCE-65 CE), the foremost rhetorician, tragedian, and philosopher of his time who had a major role in the politics and culture of the age of Emperor Nero.

It provides readers with the historical, philosophical, and literary background to appreciate Seneca's works, and advances representative critical readings of his treatises and tragedies. Chapters highlight his life, political theory, Stoicism, and dramaturgy, as well as contemporary and later reception of his works, and suggest further readings for those interested in pursuing these topics in greater depth.

Seneca: The Basics is suitable for students and scholars of classics, philosophy, and ancient history, as well as general readers interested in learning more about Seneca and his thought.

This book explores how medieval Florentines, grappling with the rising inequality and political instability of rapid urbanization and economic growth, addressed the challenge of questioning the goals of public power and public institutions such as criminal courts.

Through archival records, it reveals how the ideological claims and practices of criminal justice worked their way into rural communities, and what difference they made for men and women navigating daily life. While the popolo - the coalition of merchants, professionals, and artisans that challenged an older military elite's hold on power - ultimately succumbed to oligarchy and dynastic rule, the documents produced by its hallmark criminal tribunal can be used to reconstruct how rural people instrumentalized criminal justice to defend themselves and to hurt their enemies.

This volume will appeal to medievalists, literature scholars, human geographers, and social scientists interested in political culture, rural studies, and premodern practices of government.

This book explores how the Cold War's ideological conflict was played out through competition over human rights values.

As the West feared that the Soviet Union might 'win' the Cold war, it shows how they sought to aggressively outflank the USSR on human rights, while the Soviet Union simultaneously attempted to establish itself as a moral superpower, superior to the West.

Examining how the Soviet leadership sought to respond to the West's amplification of prominent Soviet dissidents and global condemnation of their human rights abuses, they in turn depicted left-wing activists in the UK and the US as on par with famous Soviet dissidents in their press. Highlighting the extensive Soviet campaign to build global support for its image as a human rights' defender, it shows how they claimed support for striking trade unionists, protesting students, Native American rights activists and radical ant-racist groups, primarily in the UK and the US, to push a narrative of the inherent instability of capitalism in the two leading capitalist states.

Exhibiting this ideological struggle and uncertainty between East and West in new ways, Moral Superpower in the Cold War helps us to understand why the conflict took the trajectory that it did, and how it was experienced by those who lived through it.

This book analyses the financial policies and institutions developed under the Franco regime over nearly four decades and how key actors - banks, savings banks, the foreign sector, the Banco de Espana and public debt management - were used to support the regime's economic objectives.

Situating Francoist financial policy within the broader European context of post-World War II financial repression, it highlights the distinctive features of the Spanish case, shaped by a political dictatorship that profoundly influenced both policy design and institutional practice. By combining institutional analysis with the study of regulation, financial mechanisms and historical evolution, the book offers a nuanced account of the financial history of Francoism and places Spain within broader postwar European patterns of financial interventionism.

Offering new empirical evidence, critical interpretations and comparative perspectives, this volume targets a broad academic audience, including undergraduates seeking an introduction to the Franco regime's financial system, postgraduate and PhD students requiring in-depth analysis for advanced research in economic history, as well as researchers and scholars interested in transnational approaches to economic policy and institutional development.

European colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and the Americas was a world-changing force and left a variety of legacies - demographic, economic, environmental, technological, and cultural. The economic history of colonialism has seen an outburst of research in the last 20-odd years; but, with many significant new works appearing in specialist journals, students and teachers of the field may still find it challenging to explain what this scholarship adds up to, its most significant claims and breakthroughs and how it relates to older versions of the economic history of colonialism.

This handbook gathers a set of specially commissioned essays written by leading contributors to the field which focus on the two principal waves of European colonialism since the 15th century: the first in which Europeans converged mainly on the Americas (c. 1490s-1820s) and the second in which attention was focused on acquiring control over large swathes of Asia and Africa (c. 1850s-1970s). It shows students of economic history the key facts that need to be explained about the imperial powers, the colonial experience, and why the European empires outside Europe are significant for the economic history of the world. The handbook also includes studies of the Japanese and American Empires in Asia, as these were provoked by and in nature quite comparable to the formation of European empires thus providing worthwhile and meaningful comparisons.

This handbook will serve as a vital resource for research, teaching, and reference, offering readers insights into economic history, colonialism, globalisation, and the forces that have shaped the modern world economy.

This book explains how "natural wine" was made and not discovered by Spanish lawmakers, chemists, merchants, and theologians, showing how Spain consolidated a legal construct that normalized specific technical interventions while preserving the label natural.

The book argues that wine labeled as "natural" was not the preservation of a traditional product but the product of a legal fiction that allowed wines with additives to be normalized and protected under law. In doing so, the book explores the emergence and changing meanings of natural wine. Rather than providing a fixed definition, it analyzes how the boundaries of "natural" shifted from period to period. It shows how natural wine ended up being used in the historical- legal sense that crystallized in late nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Spain and culminated in 1932. Through detailed archival research, the book explores debates around adulteration, chemistry, purity, and authenticity, using historical food studies and legal analysis as its framework. It introduces the Spanish case as a significant but overlooked moment in the broader European shift toward legally codified standards of food authenticity and quality. Drawing primarily on the work of Alessandro Stanziani and influenced by Bruno Latour's perspective on scientific authority and socio-technical networks, the book bridges the fields of legal history, enology, and cultural politics. This historical analysis sheds light on contemporary controversies surrounding wine regulation, appellation systems, and the global natural wine movement.

The book will be of great interest to students and scholars of food and wine studies, legal and economic history, anthropology, science and technology studies, and European agrarian history.

This book provides a concise yet comprehensive synthesis of the complexities of famine in world history, from antiquity to the present day.

The work explores the broad causes and consequences of famine over time and in different geographies. Providing global examples from western Europe, China, Southeast Asia, and Africa, this book offers context and perspective to each case, drawing comparisons where they exist. The book discusses environmental issues, government policy, gender, empire and military conflicts, as well as the aftermath of famine: health issues, memory, and accountability.

Famine in World History is an ideal overview for undergraduate students of World History, twentieth-century European, Asian, and African history.

This book explores how adoption evolved in Germany's turbulent twentieth century, experiencing both drastic changes and unexpected continuities.

The history of adoption in twentieth-century Germany has been dramatic and complex. The Weimar Republic's assumption of responsibility for children's welfare in 1922 empowered state authorities to regulate private adoption agencies, to set up their own public adoption offices, and to require prospective adoptive parents to prove their competence to social workers. These policies subsequently allowed nazis, communists, and democrats to frame adoption policies to match their social and political goals and values. Differing conceptions of the best interests of the child and the family, redefinitions of "family", changing criteria for a family's or child's suitability for adoption, abduction, international adoption, and even European integration all came into play, empowering authorities to define, regulate and sometimes even forbid adoptive relationships to that end. The evolution of German adoption and German society reflected each other, showing both fundamental changes and unexpected continuities, and deepening our understanding of both.

Azerbaijanis speak a Turkic language close to the Turkish of Turkey and live in a vast historical landscape between Russia's Dagestan, eastern Georgia, and Iran's capital, Tehran.

The nation declared independence in 1918, but Russia reoccupied the country by force in 1920. In 1991, Azerbaijan regained its independence for the second time. The oil-rich republic of ten million people is located at a geopolitically important crossroads between Russia and Iran. Predominantly Shiite Muslim and highly secular, Azerbaijan is Turkey and Israel's closest ally in the region. A post-Soviet country the size of Austria on the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan faces numerous socio-political problems rooted mainly in its communist past (1920-1991). Azerbaijan's economy has been based on oil and gas exports for three decades, providing alternative fossil-fuel supplies for Europe. At the same time, the non-oil sector remains relatively underdeveloped.

Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan, Third Edition contains a chronology, an introduction, an extensive bibliography, and cross-referenced entries on important personalities as well as aspects of the country's politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Azerbaijan.

Authenticity has become a key concept in the culture of history and memory in the 21st century. This open access book explores the multifaceted nature of 'historical authenticity' and its uses in various academic, museum, and historical-cultural contexts. In 70 alphabetically-arranged articles, Historical Authenticity explains how authenticity can enable individuals and societies to locate themselves within time and space and the associated challenges.
The book shows how today's attitudes to the past are characterised by an intense striving for historical authenticity - a phenomenon which began to assume new potency in the last third of the 20th century. It considers how this manifests itself in practical terms, for example, in the value attached to 'authentic voices' from the past, 'authentic objects' in museums, collections and archives, or to 'authentic places' - be they historic buildings, urban architectural ensembles or memorial sites. The volume also reflects on how this desire for the 'real', the 'genuine' and the 'original' has changed over the centuries , and why it is nowadays so frequently linked with a longing to experience history 'first-hand', as evidenced in the degree of public attention accorded to surviving witnesses of historic events or the popularity of historical re-enactments. 'Historical Authenticity' convincingly makes the case that the analysis of academic, cultural, institutional and political authentification processes is central to a critical understanding of how the past is perceived in the present.

The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the Leibniz Research Alliance Value of the Past

This book draws on the rich historical record of the Russian royal court to demonstrate how green spaces have been used as an instrument of diplomatic and political influence. Ekaterina Heath convincingly argues that parks like Pavlovsk are a fruitful new primary source, here revealing the previously obscured evidence of women's political activities. In 19th-century Russia, green spaces gave women voice and agency, frequently taken away from them by the patriarchal power structures. Women, Green Spaces and the Politics of Empowerment in Imperial Russia challenges the preceding narratives of these structures as being solely masculine. It also argues for the need to consider consorts in the analysis of political life at the Russian court. Their soft power strategies were deployed through their gardens, the main tool of political propaganda in the long 18th century.

Ekaterina Heath discusses Pavlovsk's use for building relationships, promoting virtues, mounting political arguments, and writing Russian history. She explores the strategies used by Empress Maria Fedorovna to influence Catherine II and Paul I to maintain her access to power in a precarious political environment. Heath then goes on to analyse Dowager Empress Maria Fedorovna's use of her garden to grow her power after the death of her husband, Paul I, and her son Alexander I's ascension to the throne.

Set against the changing and turbulent politics of California from the 1930s through the 1950s,
Campaigns Inc.: Leone Baxter, Clem Whitaker, and the Invention of Political Consulting examines the life and work of Leone Baxter and her husband Clem Whitaker. During this era, Baxter and Whitaker invented and refined the field of campaign consulting, a form of public relations practice that manages reputation, image, and communication during a political campaign. This book details their work and the development of their successful political consulting firm Campaigns Inc. They worked for mainly conservative and Republican clients, and it was through this work that Campaigns Inc. set the standard for how campaigns would be structured and run through the next century. The book begins with an overview of Baxter and Whitaker's core philosophy of communication, campaigns, and politics. Cayce Myers details their early work in California's Central Valley and their first big campaign against Democratic nominee Upton Sinclair who ran for California Governor in 1934. The book then examines Baxter and Whitaker's campaign for the successful 1942 Gubernatorial candidacy of Earl Warren. The Warren campaign served as a template for building a campaign around a candidate and not a party. Following that election, Baxter and Whitaker's work transformed to focus on defeating compulsory health insurance reforms. They successfully defeated healthcare reform initiatives by California Governor Earl Warren and later President Harry Truman by shaping public sentiment against the specter of "socialized medicine."