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Most people are familiar with the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which held that state laws mandating racial segregation in public schools were unconstitutional. But what about the court cases that far preceded, and informed, this national ruling? They took place in smaller courts, in unsung parts of the United States, including in Oklahoma Territory. There, decades before Brown v. Board, Black citizens worked to challenge legislation and local school board restrictions that segregated their schools. In We Fought Back, Sara Doolittle analyzes a rich array of previously unexplored court challenges during Oklahoma's territorial period (1889-1907), revealing how Black residents' cases reshaped understandings of race, citizenship, and the federal role in American schooling.

After the Civil War, Black homesteaders sought a refuge and new life in Oklahoma Territory. There-before 1907, when the state constitution and subsequent laws would enshrine Jim Crow-Black homesteaders held equal rights to land under the Homestead and Organic Acts. They had historic access to integrated education in other states, in neighboring Indian Territory, and on military posts. As national jurisprudence increasingly equated segregation with equality after Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Black families in Oklahoma Territory resisted this narrowing of their rights. Oklahoma's territorial courts heard more cases brought by Black families demanding educational access than any other state in the nation. And in striking contrast to developments elsewhere, these families received sympathetic rulings from federally appointed judges in the territory's early courts.

By examining the stories behind cases such as Porter v. Commissioners of Kingfisher County (1898) and Simmons v. Board of Education of the City of Muskogee (1938), Doolittle reveals a dynamic and contested landscape, a place where acceptance of "separate but equal" was anything but the foregone conclusion standard histories have suggested. Through compelling and accessible accounts of real Oklahomans demanding educational equality, We Fought Back explores the deep roots of activism in the state and illuminates a critical moment of convergence between law, public education, and the meaning of Black citizenship.

Forthcoming Fall 2026

Muslims, Jews, Christians and Pagans: Studies on Pre- and Early Islamic History brings together eleven studies published between 2009 and 2024, arranged in three sections: Pre-Islamic idols, Mu?ammad at Medina, and Jews and Christians in early Islam.

Based on a wide range of primary sources that are now more accessible than ever, the volume offers a rigorously critical and finely textured exploration of early Islamic history. Rather than relying on grand narratives, Lecker illuminates the subject through background details, genealogies, geographical information, and other fragmentary evidence, assembling a mosaic that at times draws us closer to the turbulent formative centuries of Islam.

This volume will appeal to readers interested in the history of Jews, Christians, and pagans in late antiquity and early Islam, the Arabian Peninsula on the eve of Islam and in its earliest period, and the political, social, and economic history of the early Islamic world.

Hasidism, a vibrant Jewish mystical movement, emerged in Eastern Europe in the eighteenth century. Among its branches, Chabad took root and flourished in tsarist Russia, radiating its distinct intellectual and spiritual approach from the Russian town of Lubavitch. But World War I, the October Revolution, and the rise of the Soviet regime shattered the Chabad community and forced its leader, Rebbe Yosef Yitshak Schneersohn, into exile - first to Latvia and later to Poland, home to Europe's largest Jewish population at the time.

While Poland appeared to offer a stable refuge and fertile grounds for rebuilding Chabad's institutional and religious foundations, the movement soon confronted a series of profound challenges: shifting internal political conditions, fierce competition within the Jewish communal sphere, and rapidly evolving social realities. Drawing on an exceptional range of Hebrew, Yiddish, Polish, and Russian archival sources, Wojciech Tworek explores how these pressures forced Chabad to adapt and redefine itself within the context of modernity. He traces Chabad's mystical teachings, literary production, institutional expansion, and evolving ritual life during the interwar years, demonstrating how amid a turbulent era of displacement and reinvention its leadership strategically reinterpreted - and at times recast - the movement's past. In doing so, it laid the groundwork for Chabad's postwar messianic orientation, its global outreach, and the emergence of an increasingly influential form of Orthodox fundamentalism.

The first full account of Chabad's interwar transformation, The Polish Exile fills a vital gap in the study of Jewish history and religion.

As a result of mass urbanization from the late nineteenth century onward, an acute housing shortage in Russia and the associated "housing question" rapidly grew to such a large scale that no single group was able to tackle it in its entirety. Complicated, ideologically fraught negotiations and solutions emerged, failed, and occasionally partially succeeded over time. The Unruly Everyday unearths and detangles the contours of this history, exploring what it tells us not just about Soviet and Russian housing but about the messy process by which society changes.

Beyond tracing contestations about housing in particular, Deirdre Ruscitti Harshman explores how the concept of the "everyday" was used to critique the limitations of the present and to imagine alternatives. She argues that the ways various groups worked, sometimes collaboratively and sometimes contentiously, through these negotiations transcended neat pre- and postrevolutionary binaries, in terms of both chronology and ideology. The issues and local responses remained largely the same no matter what type of central government controlled the Kremlin. Critically, the housing problem was instead addressed by the development of various forms of local power-whose very existence and capacities undermine the perception of both tsarist and Soviet Russia as autocratic, highly centralized states.

With a career spanning multiple decades-from the Civil War and Reconstruction to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era-John M. Schofield (1831-1906) left a lasting impact on the American military. Despite his accomplishments as a general and statesman, Schofield is arguably one of the most overlooked figures in the history of nineteenth-century United States. This rich biography, masterfully written by historian Robert Wooster, draws on fresh scholarship to place Schofield's remarkable career of military service within the broader contexts of American politics and social reform.

Despite narrowly escaping expulsion before graduating from the U.S. Military Academy, Schofield advanced at a young age to the rank of general, holding several Union Army commands during the Civil War. Decades later he would be recognized with a Medal of Honor for his courage at the 1861 Battle of Wilson's Creek. His career of service had only just begun, though. In the wake of Reconstruction and in an era of limited government, Wooster explains, the nation needed its soldiers to serve as diplomats, administrators, and agents of empire. Schofield rose to these challenges, moving on to serve, among other roles, as envoy to France, U.S. secretary of war, and, in retirement, as advisor to presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. Today he is familiar to many as the namesake for the Schofield Barracks on Oahu, Hawaii, established to defend Pearl Harbor.

Through this unflinching biography, covering both Schofield's successes and shortcomings, Wooster delivers a broad narrative that moves beyond military experiences and unearths the complex relationship between the U.S. Army and American politics in the nineteenth century. At the same time, this volume reveals the inner workings and trajectory of the American military as it moved forward into the twentieth century.

By the mid-eighteenth century, anatomy was one of medicine's most dynamic fields, dominated by men but reliant on women's bodies and knowledge. This dependence gave women a complicated and often overlooked role in the development of modern medicine.

Women, Gender, and Anatomy in Enlightenment France reveals how the dissection, study, and representation of female bodies became central to the professional training and social authority of medical practitioners, transforming anatomy into both a scientific enterprise and a performance of expertise. Margaret Carlyle demonstrates how women shaped anatomical culture not only as objects of study but also as educators, entrepreneurs, and practitioners working alongside male surgeons and physicians. She argues that this participation reflected a broader feminization of anatomy, marked by a growing fascination with women's reproductive bodies, the rise of lifelike female anatomical models in wax and plaster, and the specialized training of surgeons and midwives. Women contributed directly to anatomical practice through dissection, modelling, illustration, and teaching, as seen in the careers of Marie-Marguerite Biheron and Marie-Genevieve-Charlotte Thiroux d'Arconville. Yet even as women participated across arenas of anatomical knowledge production - from classrooms and amphitheatres to museums, print culture, and workshops - their involvement remained controversial and their contributions marginalized.

By placing women's bodies and labour at the heart of eighteenth-century medical science in France, this history presents a gendered rethinking of the origins of modern anatomy.