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Before Ruth Bader Ginsburg persuaded the Supreme Court to strike down sex discrimination, Dorothy Kenyon built the legal blueprint.

Justice Was Her Calling is the first full-length biography of the New York judge, lawyer, and civil liberties champion whose litigation strategies helped transform the equal protection clause into a powerful tool for women's rights. Across decades, from the Progressive Era through the New Deal and into the rise of second-wave feminism, Dorothy Kenyon stood at the forefront of reform.

A longtime ACLU national board member, the only woman appointed by the League of Nations to study women's legal status worldwide, and a US delegate to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, she pushed equality onto the global stage long before it was widely embraced. Her career was nearly undone when Senator Joseph McCarthy named her the first alleged communist. Though fully cleared, the accusation cast a lasting shadow.

Drawing on letters, speeches, and fresh archival research, Jennifer L. Brinkley restores Kenyon to her rightful status as a legal pioneer and reminds us that civil liberties endure only when defended.

A history of the battles over regulation of hate speech in the United States.

The United States has no hate speech laws; hate speech is generally considered to be free speech under the First Amendment. In this crisp guided history, acclaimed legal historian Samantha Barbas chronicles the country's legal and cultural battles over the regulation of hate speech in the last hundred years. Charting the historical context for current debates, she ultimately argues that, however emotionally appealing they may seem, hate speech laws undermine civil rights and democracy.

The American policy on hate speech evolved from influences such as the civil rights movement, which contended that the most effective way to combat hate speech wasn't through proposed laws. Rather than imposing restrictions, the US has developed an array of mechanisms other than law, including counterspeech and public education, that have been relatively effective at dealing with hate speakers and hate groups. Though not perfect, our method of addressing hate is less dangerous than government censorship and less likely to be weaponized against the powerless.

While convalescence connoted a temporary experience of recuperation after a serious illness, invalidism was pictured as an ongoing-and perhaps endless-experience of ill-health. Invalids, then, were those whose conditions appeared to derive no benefit from scientific medicine's interventions. Yet nineteenth-century invalidism was not so dire a condition as this definition seems to imply. The assumption of chronicity meant that invalids were freed from what sociology has termed "the sick role," the set of obligations assigned to medical patients (the most significant of which, in Western cultures, is to try to get better). This volume explores the paradoxical freedom provided by invalidism in the nineteenth century. Under the surety of this label, middle-class invalids travelled the world, ailing soldiers insisted upon returning home, working-class sufferers abstained from strenuous work, and lay patients developed and advertised their own health regimens. Perhaps most counter-intuitively, invalidism created space for educated women to forsake household duties and take on the roles of professional writers and public intellectuals.
Freed from the scrutiny of the medical gaze, invalids were able to create distinct subcultures and communities. By highlighting not just the afflictions, but also the opportunities, of chronic ill-health in nineteenth-century sources, this volume reveals that the iconic Victorian invalid is not the isolated shut-in we so often imagine, but a dynamic figure immersed in-and contributing to-contemporary debates about health, climate, industrialization, city planning and globalization.

Even as scandals over the US military's domestic surveillance of civilians continue to surface today, Eyes in the Shadows reveals how this monitoring of citizens began more than a century ago. In this new origin story of the US surveillance state, Alexandre Rios-Bordes returns to the First World War, when two modest intelligence services-the Military Intelligence Division and the Office of Naval Intelligence-began spying on civilians. The book shows why and how this practice continued in peacetime, drawing the armed forces into the ongoing monitoring of the population. What processes and practices determine who warrants surveillance? What does it mean for a state to turn against certain citizens and groups and cast them as enemies? To answer these questions, Eyes in the Shadows describes surveillance in the making, immersing readers inside secretive organizations and showing how they operate-from collecting field data to writing reports and analyzing threats. The book offers unprecedented insight into the mechanisms of military vigilance, the shadow of which still looms over the present.

Resistance in New England Slavery: Venture's America offers a comprehensive exploration of the diverse methods of resistance employed by enslaved people in New England between 1650 and 1800.

Drawing on an extensive range of archival sources including newspapers, petitions, court records, and enslaved people's narratives, this book explores how enslaved individuals challenged their bondage, and how enslavers and colonial authorities responded, across the colonial and Revolutionary eras. Organized thematically, the book examines key forms of resistance, including violence, running away, freedom suits, manumission, and petitions for abolition. It uniquely examines Native American and African American slavery side by side, demonstrating how Indigenous resistance shaped African American resistance strategies well into the eighteenth century, and further, how resistance shaped the abolition movement.

Ideal for undergraduate and graduate students of slavery, early American history, and the Atlantic world, the volume provides a valuable resource for teaching and research on resistance and abolition.

This book presents case studies that analyse the diplomatic uses and functions of robes, furniture, weapons, tools, jewelry, paintings, sculptures, books, food, and other material objects in early modern inter-cultural diplomatic encounters in Europe, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific world.

Readers will gain insights into the material dimensions of early modern diplomacy and the cultural logics and diplomatic rationales of object use in a wide range of regional, political, and imperial contexts spanning the Habsburg Empire, France, Spain, the Ottoman Empire, British and French colonial North America, colonial Mexico, Hawaii, and the South Seas. Transcending the established topic of gift exchanges, the volume aims at an analysis of the overall material settings of early modern diplomatic encounters. With its clear temporal focus on the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the source-driven case studies on concrete objects and object groups open multiple paths into the complexities of the early modern era as a formative phase in the history of diplomacy.

The book is intended for historians of the early modern period, particularly diplomatic history, political history, art history, cultural history, religious history, and regional history. It is also relevant for scholars in the field of material culture studies, ethnography, and museology.

This collective volume represents a significant contribution to the critical and historiographical debate on the three major religious and cultural traditions of the Mediterranean-Christianity, Islam, and Judaism-analyzed through the lens of judicial practices rooted in peace-making.

It aims to explore the connections between religious frameworks and compositional methods of social conflict resolution, both within each monotheistic tradition and in contexts where these traditions interacted or coexisted, whether peacefully or in tension. A flourishing historiography on Western Europe has investigated the relationships between state-administered (hegemonic) justice-typically associated with the repression of crime through judicial and tribunal systems-and so-called community justice (negotiated), encompassing practices such as arbitration, settlements, agreements, pardons, and conciliatory resolutions, while emphasizing their grounding in religious beliefs and institutions. However, scant attention has thus far been devoted to the Mediterranean region, broadly defined as a distinct object of study from this specific standpoint. Focusing on the Mediterranean broadens the scope to include non-Christian yet European contexts, such as the Ottoman Balkans and the scattered Jewish communities across Europe, enabling a less West-centred and more nuanced understanding of judicial modernity, as well as a deeper exploration of how judicial practices and social conflict resolution were shaped by religious thought across diverse cultures.

This book is primarily addressed to specialists in the field, though it may also serve as a valuable reading resource for graduate and doctoral students approaching the history of law, religion, and Mediterranean societies.

How New York's elite claimed authority over social welfare in the wake of the Triangle Shirtwaist Tragedy

In American history, few tragedies have been as consequential-and as enduringly misunderstood-as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911. Long remembered as a turning point in the struggle for labor protections, Fire in the Heart of the City shows how the fire also helped transform another cornerstone of modern American life: the rise of modern charity.

Set in early twentieth-century New York, the book tells the extraordinary story of what happened when a catastrophic fire in Greenwich Village threw Adolph Ochs, the ambitious new publisher of the New York Times, and Rose Schneiderman, a defiant young labor organizer, into a momentous struggle over who should organize the city's response: a rising charity sector led by wealthy financiers and civic elites, or the reform-minded unions and activists of Lower Manhattan.

Drawing on newly released archival documents, interviews with the descendants of Times publisher Adolph Ochs and New York labor organizers, previously confidential reports, and long-overlooked private diaries and correspondence, historian and former journalist David Conrad-Perez offers a striking new account of the disaster and its aftermath. He shows how a handful of charities on the brink of irrelevance were suddenly recast as New York's best answer to the social and economic conditions the fire laid bare-a watershed moment in the rise of modern charity and elite authority over social welfare in the United States.

In the months after the fire, the Times and its philanthropic allies joined forces to popularize the idea that social crises should be managed not by immigrant reformers, labor advocates, or neighborhood coalitions, but by a select class of elite and supposedly "scientific" charitable institutions. In doing so, they elevated a new language of expertise around poverty and public welfare that would leave a lasting mark on American civic life.

A deeply researched and absorbing work of narrative history, Fire in the Heart of the City offers a major reinterpretation of one of the most important urban disasters in American history, revealing how a single catastrophe helped reshape not only the politics of labor, but also the moral and institutional foundations of modern American charity.

Who still remembers Tito's Yugoslav Partisans? Once worshipped by some, now disparaged by others (or even by the very same), they remain largely unknown to the English-speaking public. This book enables readers to discover them through a meticulous reconstruction of their everyday life in the liberated territories. How did the Partisans stop interethnic violence? How did they foster the political participation of young people and women? What was the role of the Communist Party? What were the principles of the economy in the liberated territories? What were the Partisans' views on justice, revenge and forgiveness? These are just some of the questions the author seeks to answer. The book also goes further, however, showing what makes up a resistance or revolutionary movement in the extreme conditions of war-where everyone must prove themselves, or perish.

Reveals the untold story of over 6,000 women who ran for office between 1850-1920, expanding our understanding of women's fight for full political citizenship beyond suffrage

Her Hat Was in the Ring details the fascinating story of the thousands of women who ran for elective office in the United States between 1850 and 1920. Contrary to popular belief, women's right to vote and the right to hold elective office weren't always tied to one another. Whether women could become candidates, and for which offices, was determined by each state. For several decades after 1850, women ran for local and some state offices without themselves sometimes having the right to vote, motivated by the desire to advance women's rights and serve their communities as well as personal ambition.

Drawing on newspapers, state government reports, historical and biographical archives, and other resources, historians Wendy E. Chmielewski and Jill Norgren trace the legal, social, and cultural shifts across the country that made it possible for women to gain election to political office. This history is told through the stories of the trailblazing women candidates who ran in thousands of elective campaigns. Chmielewski and Norgren examine how these women were received in their communities, in male-dominated political parties and legislatures, and what administrative and policy contributions they made once elected.

This book expands our understanding of American women's demand for full citizenship, a struggle that included the successful battle for the right to elective office. At once comprehensive and deeply compelling, Her Hat Was in the Ring illuminates the revolutionary efforts of these candidates throughout this virtually unknown, yet fascinating chapter in American history.

Peter Thomas was a successful churchman and crusading papal legate of the 14th century who began his career as an impoverished Carmelite friar and ended it as Latin patriarch of Constantinople. The Life of Peter Thomas, a biography written immediately after Peter's death by a devoted friend, Philippe de Mezieres, who is himself an important figure in the history of the crusades, is not only the best source for the life of Peter Thomas, but an extremely valuable source for the history of the crusades, most importantly the attack on Alexandria in 1365 led by King Peter I of Cyprus.

The work also provides a wealth of other insights into the history of the Mediterranean of that period, including inter-faith relations in the Kingdom of Cyprus, the relationship between the Latin and Orthodox churches, and the messy political struggles in Italy and surrounding areas. This translation of Philippe de Mezieres' Life of Peter Thomas makes use of the best modern edition of the text, and as such is the first translation of what is the fullest surviving version of the Life. Additional material written by Philippe de Mezieres has been selected and translated here for the first time to offer further insight into the two men and their activities in service of the crusade.

The translation makes this important text more accessible than ever before for students and others with an interest in the crusades and the Eastern Mediterranean in the later medieval period.

From the cotton boll to the Cotton Bowl in modern American culture

There are few places on earth as thoroughly identified with a crop as the American South is with cotton. Burgundy is known for wine, and Java has coffee. In the South, for most of its history, cotton was king. Through much of the twentieth century, cotton cultivation determined nearly every aspect of life in the region. In Bale After Bale, leading historians and cultural critics offer multifaceted examinations and multimedia approaches to understanding the place of cotton in the twentieth-century South.

The essays in this collection examine the history of the hands that picked and processed cotton, the communities who celebrated cotton, the unions who organized cotton workers, the connections between cotton farmers in the South and banana farmers in Latin America, the portrayal of cotton in Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha County, the poems and songs of the boll weevil, the role of cotton in blues music, the depiction of cotton on the silver screen, and the memories of people displaced by mechanical cotton pickers. As these essays demonstrate, understanding the nature of cotton's persistence into the twentieth century and the decline of the cotton economy are crucial to understanding the contemporary South and today's United States.

Few myths are as famous as Arthur's, and few empires rival the reach of the British Empire. Yet the two share a history: from the Wars of the Roses to the consolidation of James I's rule, the idea of a British Empire developed in conversation with the Arthurian myth. The vision of a British imperial future was once inseparable from Arthur-until it was not.

Britain under the Shadow of Arthur argues that the Arthurian myth functioned as a form of political theory for both the imagined unification of Britain and the expansion of its empire. Rather than merely tracing references to Arthur, this book shows how the myth structured ideas about what Britain was, how it should be governed, and its imperial potential. Across a century and a half, writers, courtiers, and political thinkers mobilized the Arthurian tradition to articulate competing visions of British unity and imperial destiny. Yet as the empire acquired institutional reality-through colonies and legal structures, whose origins were traced to Arthurian precedents-the myth itself lost conceptual force. The British Empire came to be imagined as the future of the English Crown, while Arthur was increasingly relegated to an immemorial past.

Scholars across disciplines will find this volume valuable. Literary scholars will encounter the first comprehensive structuralist analysis of the Arthurian myth. Intellectual historians will find the most extensive study of Arthur in British political thought. Imperial historians must confront that the earliest imperial legal framework drew on the Arthurian myth.

The first biography of a neglected but crucial revolutionary figure and fascinating window into his world

Study the American Revolution and you might miss the name Robert Carter Nicholas; study Robert Carter Nicholas and you will see the entire revolution. This is the first biography of the Virginia patriot who served in the House of Burgesses and has gone down in history as an opponent of Patrick Henry-though the reality is more complicated.

In reconstructing Nicholas's life, Brent Tarter recovers late colonial Virginian society in all of its complexity, showing how men and women of the upper classes lived; how they depended on slavery for their wealth and social status; how they were surrounded by enslaved people almost all of the time; how they brought up and educated their children; how the complex international tobacco economy operated; and how the institutions of government functioned.

The life of Robert Carter Nicholas illustrates like few others how a decade of profoundly important challenges and changes culminated in the decision of elite leaders-who at first glance appear to have had nothing to gain and much to lose by risking a revolution-to vote for independence from Great Britain in 1776.

This volume offers an annotated translation and commentary on five thirteenth-century narrative accounts of the battles of Steppes (1213), Ane (1227), and Hausbergen (1262) as well as the overall political and military circumstances in which they occurred. These battles have received some scholarly attention, but the broader military organization of the German kingdom as well as the conduct of war require considerable further work. The commentary provided in this translation in both the introduction and notes will help orient readers toward these matters and explain their significance.

The volume makes accessible to an English reading audience five narrative works that are very important for understanding the nature of warfare within the German Empire of the thirteenth century. The introduction brings together the most up to date scholarship regarding the origin, authorship, and purpose of these texts, which is largely in German, French, and Dutch. The commentary provided in the introduction regarding military affairs and the annotations for the translation enables readers to situate these texts in their proper political and military contexts.

This work will be of value both to specialists in medieval history who wish to gain a more thorough understanding of military affairs and also to teachers, who would like to provide their students with an opportunity to read narrative works from the German kingdom that offer insights to a wide range of social, political, and military phenomena. In this context, although a great many of the main narrative sources for the earlier medieval period in Germany have been translated, this is not the case for texts produced after c. 1200.

The first comprehensive English-language reference devoted to Mount Athos (also known as the Holy Mountain), The Routledge Handbook of Mount Athos examines the principal centre of monasticism in the Byzantine world and its enduring influence on pan-Orthodox spirituality. Since the tenth century, Athos has served as an international spiritual hub whose monasteries evolved into centres of scholarship, treasure houses of art, and major landowners rivalling the Byzantine state itself.

Written by an international team of experts, the book explores all aspects of Mount Athos, including its history, spirituality, culture, and society. Chapters examine the monastic way of life, architectural styles, iconography and chant, pilgrimage traditions, and conservation efforts. The volume traces how Athonite traditions spread throughout the Orthodox world before the end of the Byzantine period and analyses the remarkable renewal of Athonite monasticism in recent decades, which has stimulated fresh research across multiple disciplines.

?his book will be an essential reference resource for Byzantinists, students of monasticism, students of Orthodoxy, and Orthodox faithful. It will also be of interest to pilgrims, friends of Mount Athos, and indeed monastics themselves.

This volume explores ancient Egyptian writing systems - one of the richest and most enduring image-writing systems in history - from the perspective of its visual aesthetics, rather than from a linguistic or philological perspective.

Marking two hundred years since the decipherment of hieroglyphics, it stands as a unique work celebrating this milestone through a renewed focus on the visual dimensions of ancient Egyptian writing. Traditional scholarly approaches in Egyptology often prioritise the linguistic and philological analysis of ancient Egyptian writings over their visual aspects. This volume ushers in a new wave of scholarship focused on rediscovering the visual aesthetics of ancient Egyptian writing, with examples drawn from across the ancient history of Egypt highlighting the visual, artistic, and stylistic elements employed in the creation and presentation of hieroglyphs and their cursive forms such as the hieratic script. These visual aspects encompass diverse essential elements contributing to the overall beauty, harmony, and expressive qualities of written texts in ancient Egypt.

Visual Aesthetics of Ancient Egyptian Writing is suitable for students and scholars of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Egyptian art and visual culture, and ancient writing systems more broadly. It is also of interest to those working on comparative aesthetics, and comparative poetics, as well as to those working in comparative philosophy, and textual hermeneutics.

A dramatic reappraisal and retelling of the destruction of the American Union

To Save Us All from Slavery's Power is a novel assessment of the culmination of the sectional crisis before the Civil War. It is a story of mutual misunderstanding, journalistic mendacity, and irreconcilable visions of the country's future. With threats of disunion and rebellion rising in a thunderous chorus from the South in 1860, how could Republicans not have believed them until it was too late?

As Summers shows, Republicans in 1860 found it difficult to take the disunionist threat seriously because they knew that their party posed no imminent danger to slavery where it existed. But by then Americans were living in different political realities, and white Southerners could not see Republicans as anything less than an existential threat. To Save Us All from Slavery's Power describes in dramatic detail how negative perceptions between the sections festered, and how the antagonism between them reached, and then went past, the breaking point.

A History of the Roman People offers students a comprehensive, up-to-date, readable introduction to the whole span of Roman history.

Enhanced with additional illustrations, this fully updated volume takes readers through the mists of Roman prehistory and a survey of the peoples of pre-Roman Italy to a balanced, thoughtful account of the complexities of the Roman Republic, its evolution into a full-fledged empire, and its ultimate decline in the West and continuation in the Roman East. This new edition has been expanded to include more content on women and questions of gender identity; more on freedmen and the enslaved; recent archaeological and epigraphic discoveries; and updated suggestions for further reading.

A History of the Roman People is an excellent introduction for those with no background in Roman history. Its clear, accessible language makes it ideal for undergraduate readers in courses on Roman history and Roman culture. More experienced students wanting to expand their knowledge will also find it a rich resource for the full sweep of Roman antiquity

What happens when Holocaust historians leave their academic bubble and start interacting with laypeople? This book investigates practices and discourses of historical distance and their effects on vernacular understandings of the Holocaust among white, middle-class Europeans. In five chapters, Historical Distance and the Holocaust describes and explains how historians, in interactions with laypeople, strip the Holocaust of its moral meaning and emotional load, narrate it as a 'system', and use sick Holocaust humour as distancing strategy.

A detailed interactional analysis and thick ethnographic description demonstrate how the temporal, moral and emotional distancing practices reenforce the lay moralities and political subjectivities of the white middle-class. This comes with (mostly unintended) consequences. Distanced approaches to the Holocaust in non-academic environments reduce empathy for victims and survivors, normalize violence, disconnect the meaning of the Holocaust from contemporary conflict, and re-activate stereotypes about groups who employ more 'close' approaches to the Holocaust.

This book reconstructs the Italian 'land conquest' plans to Italianise the territories conquered after the victory in the First World War: South Tyrol (or Alto Adige, in Italian), Venezia Giulia, Istria).

The volume's focus is on the twenty-year Fascist period, but also shows how such plans originated even earlier and remained present for at least the first decade after the fall of Fascism. It examines two crucial nodes: the conception developed by the Italian side towards the annexed populations after the Great War in terms of nationality, and the reclamation and colonisation plans with Italian farmers, conceived and promoted by nationalists and fascists.

Italian Land: Owning the Soil to Secure the Borders, 1915-1954 will be beneficial to scholars of contemporary history and the history of fascism.

This book offers the first comprehensive prosopographical and comparative study of permanent apostolic nunciatures in post-Tridentine Europe (1562-1605), substantially extending earlier chronological repertories.

During this period of institutional reconfiguration, apostolic nuncios operated at the intersection of spiritual leadership and secular politics. Rather than treating diplomacy as a series of bilateral exchanges, the study analyses the nunciature system as a transregional network through which the Holy See projected universal claims, managed confessional divisions, and shaped the political order of early modern Europe. Drawing on a dataset of one hundred and four nuncios, the book combines quantitative analysis with institutional and intellectual history. It reconstructs patterns of recruitment, education, social background, and career advancement, showing how diplomatic service related to episcopal promotion and advancement within the Roman Curia, including the cardinalate and the papacy. The study also examines the functioning of nunciatures at major European courts - from Iberia and France to the Holy Roman Empire and Poland-Lithuania - and highlights their role in implementing Catholic Reform. Finally, it presents the nunciature as a 'writing workshop' that generated political knowledge, legal reflection, and detailed mappings of confessional Europe.

The volume will interest scholars and graduate students of early modern, Church, and diplomatic history and provides a solid empirical basis for understanding papal diplomacy and European state formation in the age of confessional conflict.

Aspects of Judean Life focuses on Elephantine during the fifth century BCE, developing a comprehensive model of Achaemenid Persian imperial governance in Egypt and situating the Judean colony within that framework. It reconsiders the colony at Elephantine not as a band of foreign mercenaries living private lives but as colonial state dependents embedded within Achaemenid systems of land-for-service taxation and imperial administration. Far from isolated, the Judeans emerge as active participants in-and beneficiaries of-the structures of empire.

Part 1 offers a cultural history of Imperial Aramaic scribal practice in the Persian period, drawing on Egyptian and Babylonian evidence alongside Phoenician scribal culture. Part 2 reinterprets the Elephantine Papyri through close philological and historical analysis, resolving long-standing problems concerning ethnic designation, administrative purpose, and community sociology. Part 3 reconstructs the professional networks of Judean temple administrators through analysis of Aramaic ostraca and examines the community's role in systems of production, rationing, and taxation.

By placing Elephantine in dialogue with evidence from the Nile Delta, Babylonia, and other imperial settlements, this study offers a nuanced account of how Persian policies were locally implemented. It will be an indispensable resource for scholars of the ancient Near East, biblical studies, and imperial history.