In this memoir, Livingston takes readers on an extraordinary journey far beyond the tourist path to confront deep-seated injustices shaped by history, empire, war, and disaster. Through his firsthand experiences, he reveals the struggles of marginalized communities across the world, from the over-incarceration of Indigenous Australians in the Central Desert to the violent grip of 'rascols' in Port Moresby's squatter settlements.

His journey continues through Cambodia's killing fields, where he fights to hold the Khmer Rouge accountable; to Afghanistan, where he works to rebuild a justice system ravaged by war. In Nepal, he strengthens the courts protection of Dalit women, while in the Marshall Islands, he bears witness to the devastating human cost of US nuclear testing. Despite encountering immense suffering, he finds dignity, resilience, strength, and hope in those fighting for justice.

At the heart of this book lies a fundamental question: What is justice? Drawing on his experience as an Australian lawyer steeped in Western legal traditions, Livingston explores diverse global perspectives on justice, from Islamic and Confucian principles to Hindu and Indigenous traditions. He argues that justice is at its essence all about fairness. But concepts of justice and fairness vary from society to society, sometimes fundamentally. We can learn much from this diversity in improving our understanding of justice.

With deep reflection and personal insight, Livingston shares the lessons he has learned-about trust, fear, mistakes, and the enduring human spirit. Ultimately, he believes that even small steps toward justice leave a lasting impact, shaping the path of history for generations to come.

This volume brings together a number of scholars globally - from Africa and Asia to the Americas and Europe - to examine Africa's global engagements. It approaches its subject matter theoretically and conceptually as well as empirically asking deeper questions like what is the ideal unit for cooperation and engagement? Is it the state or can one go beyond the state or possibly below the African state and internationalize given the context of the failed African state? Whilst focused very much on the contemporary nature and forms of engagement, the volume recognizes the enduring historical, and especially colonial, legacy on the contemporary African state and how it continues to shape patterns of regional and international cooperation. The book covers its subject matter in two thematic manners. First, it covers the "who" of engagement - Africa-European Relations, Africa-India relations, Africa's relations with China and Africa's relations with the Global South. Second, the volume explores the "what" of cooperation. This includes: agriculture and climate change, the digital revolution, energy resources, security considerations and trade. Whilst theoretically anchored, the volume seeks to also examine the implications of the empirical study for policy makers.

This book traces the creation, implementation, and evolution of the police institutions within British colonial Natal during 'the formative period' of the colony between 1845 and 1899. It examines how white and Black members of Natal's colonial community formed their own systems of policing, creating structures of control that combined ideas from across multiple continents that illustrated the way imperial rule was not directed exclusively from the imperial metropole, but instead part of a complex mixing of indigenous and colonial ideals in the forging of colonial Natal. This influence had enormous ramifications for the police institutions in South Africa well into the twentieth century. Using numerous case studies involving the organization, actions, and influence of the police in Natal, this work provides examples of Black power and authority, prison escapes, violence by and against the constabulary, and recruitment and logistics within the colonial police. In the end, it places the history of KwaZulu-Natal centrally into the emergence of British imperial rule in South Africa in the nineteenth century.

This Handbook addresses the role of the criminal-legal system in projecting and enforcing racial injustice across the globe. It consists of high-profile contributions that expose structural relations, global colonial and imperial histories, class oppression, and ongoing hegemonic domination that generate racial injustices and are embedded in criminalization and law enforcement. The Handbook considers racist ideologies and their origins, racist institutions, procedures, and practices, and their impacts, and resistance/collective responses to racism. It includes a range of different types of chapters including conceptual/theoretical, empirical, methodological, practitioner, and activist insights. It speaks to contemporary issues and is first of its kind to address racial injustice on a global scale. It is explicitly anti-racist and gathers works of critical criminology, sociology, cultural studies, postcolonial studies, and cognate fields. The Handbook pays special attention to intersectional dynamics including nexuses of racism, class, gender, and sexuality. The Handbook focusses on the settler colonial and global majority countries, their peoples and their struggles, including questions of Indigenous justice.

This volume offers a rigorous and comprehensive examination of the legal and institutional frameworks shaping space activities across Latin America. Through a series of country-specific analyses-including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay-it explores the evolution of national space programs, regulatory reforms, and international collaborations that define the region's approach to outer space governance.
The book also highlights the pivotal role of the Latin American and Caribbean Network of Universities and Institutions that Research on Space Technology, Policy and Law (ReLaCa Espacio), underscoring its contribution to academic dialogue and regional integration in space law.
Bringing together the historical context, policy analysis, and legal insights, the book highlights the strategic importance of Latin America's growing presence in the global space community. It highlights the region's commitment to the peaceful, responsible and sustainable use of outer space, as well as its capacity to contribute meaningfully to international space law and governance.

This book is a follow-up to The Changing Legal Framework for Services of General Interest in Europe - Between Competition and Solidarity. The contributions in the current book take stock of the developments regarding such services. Furthermore, key concepts and principles relevant to contemporary issues are explored.

Confirming the significance of Services of General Interest (SGIs) in EU law, the earlier volume concluded that the concept contributes to shaping a framework for the functioning of public services that balances the benefits of competition with the principles of solidarity. This volume aims to take stock of and critically assess recent noteworthy developments. To that end, the analysis focuses on developments in healthcare, digitalization, and sustainability.

Over the years, numerous SG(E)I cases have emerged in the healthcare sector, reflecting its central role in national social welfare systems, while the digitalisation transition has also significantly impacted modern societies, not expcepting SGIs. In light of the pressing global challenges, sustainability is now a key priority, and its implications for SGIs are likewise examined.

This edited volume is aimed at academics, practitioners, government officials and policymakers dealing with EU affairs.

Narine Ghazaryan is an Assistant Professor of International and European Law in the Department of International and European Law of the Faculty of Law of the Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Johan van de Gronden is a professor of European Law in the Department of International and European Law of the Faculty of Law of the Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and State Counsellor in extraordinary service at the Dutch Council of State.

Simon Tans is a Lecturer in Environmental Law at the Law Group at Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Marc Veenbrink is an Assistant Professor of European Law in the Department of International and European Law of the Faculty of Law of the Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

This book contains a selection of the very best papers from the Philosophy of AI (PhAI, formerly PT-AI), one of the leading regular conferences in the field of Philosophy of AI. The field finds itself in a moment of massive growth and change, and this book presents highly innovative, cutting-edge research by top scholars. The philosophy of AI is more and more intertwined with the ethics of AI and it now has both a deep impact on society, and on philosophy itself. Containing chapters on classic issues such as machine agency, regulation or bias, as well as new ones like large language models (LLMs), machine agency, creativity and the general ability to have mental states, this volume is of great interest to those interested in philosophy of AI and its impact on society.

In the fast evolving field of maritime education and training "Simulations in Maritime Education and Training: A Companion for Simulator Instructors" offers a comprehensive book to support maritime simulator instructors in delivering high-quality training in simulated environments. The book adopts a practical approach to teaching and learning within maritime education and training, equipping instructors with the necessary tools and knowledge to excel in their vital role of educating future generations of seafarers towards the high-standards of safety and good seamanship that applied to work at sea. Through the integration of evidence-based teaching methods, the latest simulator technology, and a deepened understanding of professional development, the book aims to contribute to strengthening maritime instructors' professional approach to teaching and learning in simulated environments. Serving as a reliable resource, this book offers practical advice and encourages a commitment to excellence in maritime training, making it an invaluable resource for those dedicated to the safety and success of seafarers worldwide.

This book is about the dramatic changes that the world is witnessing in its attitude toward the past. For the first time in many generations, ordinary citizens around the globe have burst into disputes about history that were previously the province of politicians and scholars. These people are demolishing monuments, creating new myths for themselves and restoring the memory of names long forgotten. Everyone needs a past to build on, and people are no longer satisfied with history written without their participation. Politicians sense this demand and are experimenting with the past themselves-making it an instrument of political conflict and sacrificing it to their interests. The author of this study brings to bear many examples of America's "culture wars," a phenomenon that offers very interesting comparisons with Europe's "memory wars" and recent Russian conflicts over the past.

The Practice of Law and International Arbitration in the Age of Artificial Intelligence provides a timely and practical examination of how AI is reshaping the practice of law and the conduct of international arbitration. It analyses the impact of machine learning, natural language processing, and automation tools on legal reasoning, arbitral decision-making, and dispute resolution procedures. The book addresses ethical, procedural, and regulatory challenges while highlighting opportunities for efficiency, access to justice, and innovation in legal practice. By bridging theory with practice, it offers insights for lawyers, arbitrators, academics, policymakers, and students seeking to understand the transformative role of AI in dispute resolution. This concise and accessible volume is designed to serve as a reference for professionals and an introduction for those entering the field, ensuring relevance across jurisdictions and disciplines.

Our earth's supply of natural resources is depleting while mountains of waste are piling up. Killing two birds with one stone, scientists recommend a transformation towards a circular economy. Nevertheless, explicit regulation to implement such an economic model is still missing. With due regard to the global scope of the increasing this issue, the question arises whether relevant rules on these issues can be extracted from existing international law. This book examines if an integrated analysis of different fields of international law leads to an implicit obligation for states to undertake a transition towards a circular economy. By assessing the related provisions under international environmental law as well as under human rights law, it aims to reveal if they imply a mandatory economic shift. The analysis will differentiate between relevant provisions concerning the issue of resource depletion on the one hand, and the current law governing waste management on the other hand. In a second step, the environmental and social demands will be balanced with the states' sovereignty in order to determine if an implicit obligation to transform the economy can be detected.

This book considers the emerging subdiscipline of Comparative Political Theory (CPT) and its place within Political Theory. CPT is nascent but rapidly expanding field of academic inquiry and presents methodological and theoretical challenges to the wider discipline. Sakurai argues that CPT accentuates the very problems in Political Theory it was created to resolve because it operates with the same center-periphery dichotomy that it was meant to eradicate. Specifically, Sakurai questions the hegemony of Western political thought in non-Western societies and universities, as well as the skewing of the discipline toward political philosophy. Ultimately, the volume presents a novel definition of CPT and demonstrates how it can contribute to the cross-cultural investigation of political phenomena, helping us respond to political developments in a global context.

This book examines policy responses to Covid-19 in Uruguay and France, in order to shed light on an important new concept in contemporary political science: political knowledge regimes. This concept considers the link between expertise and policymaking, paying particular attention to the demand for scientific knowledge from politicians and policymakers, and why they choose to accept or reject expert advice.

The book begins by assessing the interplay between science, expertise and politics in both countries prior to the pandemic. It then explores if and why the recommendations made by experts during the crisis were translated by politicians into actual policies. Whereas in France policymakers followed the advice of scientists throughout the course of the pandemic, there was much divergence in Uruguay. This was due to several important differences, including political culture and the characteristics of political elites. Together, these created very different political knowledge regimes within the two countries. The book concludes by examining political knowledge regimes in other countries and sets out a future research agenda, making it a vital resource for scholars and students around the world. It will appeal to all those interested in public policy, health policy and comparative politics.

In an era of complex global challenges, traditional state-to-state negotiations often fall short. Track 1.5 Diplomacy- combining official and unofficial dialogue- has become essential for building trust, fostering cooperation, and generating innovative solutions. This book offers the first in-depth study of Track 1.5 Diplomacy in the US and Europe, blending theory and practice. It examines how governments, think tanks, academics, and civil society collaborate in semi-official settings to influence policy and manage conflicts. Covering theoretical foundations, regional case studies, and emerging challenges, this volume is a vital resource for students, scholars, diplomats, and policymakers seeking to understand and leverage Track 1.5 Diplomacy.

This book offers practical and systematic tools for understanding the controversial dynamics of de-radicalization and extremism in the context of global terrorism. Since 2010 there has been a sharp increase in the number of extreme jihadist groups around the world. A surge in right-wing radicalization marked by hate speech and anti-immigrant anxieties has also been noted. States have subsequently sought to develop approaches to counter these groups, with variable success. While some countries have been relatively successful in countering radicalization, others have seen an increase in the number of terrorist attacks. Using comparative analysis, this book examines the controversial subject of de-radicalization as a tool of the state in modifying political behaviour. Drawing on multiple country case studies, it assesses how governments around the world use counter-terrorism policies and measures, be it through policing, the judicial process, state-sponsored programs or community approaches, to address extremist radicalization. It also considers how effective these policies have been in modifying extremist forms of behaviour, and why some countries have been more successful than others. It will appeal to scholars and students of public policy, international human rights, international relations and counter-terrorism studies.

This book presents a fresh perspective on how bilateral relations are shaped not only by national-level diplomacy but by the interplay of various governance levels-including municipal, regional, national, and supranational actors. Through this approach, the book highlights the nuanced and multi-layered nature of diplomacy in the modern era, moving beyond the traditional state-centric model and bringing attention to the significance of subnational and non-state actors in shaping global relationships.?

This book goes further by exploring how German federal states (Bundeslaender) and cities engage directly with their Chinese counterparts, examining the nature of these interactions also within the broader context of European Union integration. These interactions are not limited to economic partnerships but extend into cultural and academic cooperation, showcasing the depth and diversity of German policy towards China.?

Grounded in a critical theoretical perspective, this book offers a dense and original interpretation of the structural tensions and processes that led to the breakdown of the neoliberal international order established in the post-Cold War era under the auspices of the United States. The book brings together a collection of essays written over a span of 25 years that present an in-depth analysis of two central dimensions of the concept of order that prevailed during this period: the establishment of a global economy governed by general norms designed and managed according to multilateral principles; and the institution of liberal democracy as a prescriptive model for political organization and a criterion for international legitimacy.

In the first chapters, the author identifies inherent contradictions within these two dimensions that made their tendency toward crisis predictable from the outset. The book then turns to an analysis of the processes leading to the present moment, in which the foundations of the liberal order envisioned after the Cold War are openly challenged by rising social forces on a global scale and by the official policies of its principal architect and guarantor, the United States, leading the World Trade Organization (WTO), the most emblematic institution of the economic globalization project, to a deadlock. Finally, the book concludes with chapters dedicated to study the conditions that gave rise to the "Trump phenomenon" and to its significance for the United States and the world.

This open access volume examines current threats to democracy with a focus on Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These small democracies face unique challenges from climate change, hybrid security threats, and geopolitical tensions. The book examines how these nations have adapted their institutions and practices to withstand disinformation campaigns, cyberattacks, and economic coercion, while also addressing environmental issues such as extreme weather and biodiversity loss.

Part of the two-volume "Democratic Resilience in the Baltics," Volume 2, "Societal Resilience as a Defence Force," presents societal resilience as an element of national defense, drawing lessons from global conflicts and offering practical strategies for building resilient societies.

The two volumes offer valuable lessons for other small democracies and larger states alike, highlighting the importance of resilience in safeguarding democratic institutions in an increasingly unstable world.

This Brief revisits the question of whether states tend to resist a threatening adversary. It begins by assessing one influential contribution to the debate that offers an elegant reformulation of the problem, and then advances a plausible alternative analytical framework. It surveys three situations in which several states faced the choice of mobilizing against or aligning with a prospective aggressor. In each case, proximity to the expansionist state and the clarity of the danger it posed to the existing order might well have prompted adjacent states to engage in balancing. The fact that balancing did not predominate in any of these situations challenges the orthodox view of how states respond to evident threats and compels a reconsideration of the circumstances under which bandwagoning is likely to occur in the anarchic international arena.

Building on influential studies of bandwagoning in international politics, the volume reassesses states' responses to aggressive adversaries. It offers an alternative explanation for why states often-indeed, usually-choose not to resist aggressors, and illustrates this argument by revisiting East Asia in 1931 and Central and Eastern Europe in 1938. It also provides a new perspective on the reactions of the Arab Gulf states to the abrogation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.

This book presents a contractualist theory of intergenerational justice that avoids deficiencies in existing IGJ theories, e.g., the non-identity problem and the under-defining of "generations." The inability of social contract theory to provide a thorough accounting of justice between generations has been called an embarrassment and rightly so. That said, serious attempts have been made from a variety of contract perspectives to rectify the approach's shortcomings in the area of intergenerational justice. One of the most prominent contract theorists, John Rawls, attempted to address justice between generations in his theory via his just savings principle, but both versions of it were met with stinging criticism. As the climate crisis, among other challenges, presses the issue of justice for future generations, the authors believe that intergenerational justice is something that social contract theory should and can address. Specifically, they present a Rawlsian approach that begins with a clarified understanding of what is meant by "generations," and proceeds from there to modify generational knowledge constraints in the original position. The authors then draw upon the concept of indirect reciprocity to round out an argument for a Rawlsian principle of justice between generations: intergenerational fair equality of opportunity. They then apply their intergenerational justice theory to five major public policy areas.

This book offers a comprehensive exploration of physical exercise, including CrossFit (R), as an effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans. Drawing on the author's unique perspective as both a veteran and academic, it combines personal experience with research to evaluate exercise approaches such as strength training, aerobic activity, yoga, and mindfulness. It shows how these practices can support recovery, resilience, and mental health in ways that complement traditional therapies. A central theme is the influence of military masculinities in shaping how service members experience PTSD and respond to exercise-based interventions. The book critically examines how gender norms can both hinder and enable coping strategies, offering insights into adapting interventions to better meet veterans' needs. Clear, engaging, and evidence-informed, this book is essential reading for veterans, mental health professionals, and researchers in psychology, sport science, and health who seek innovative approaches to trauma recovery.