How the best intentions of African socialism became the useful tools of capitalism.

In the mid-twentieth century, skilled labor was seen as the key to national development. For newly independent African countries, this posed a formidable challenge: to build thriving economies, they needed to rapidly educate workers. As it turns out, that wasn't their only obstacle.

Ambition and Adjustment reveals how responses to this human capital problem from the political left and right converged in unlikely ways to block Africa's postcolonial progress. Focusing on nation-building projects in Zambia and Tanzania, Priya Lal recounts how the first generations of Africa's professional class faced pressures on all sides-from foreign planners prioritizing economic growth and from local socialists decrying higher education and professionalization as wasteful and elitist. When African development stalled, international institutions like the World Bank took up parts of both approaches, justifying structural adjustment programs that defunded African universities and hospitals in the name of social equity. Indeed, Lal shows that neoliberal austerity in the 1990s was packaged in Africa's socialist narratives from the 1960s.

By unearthing this forgotten history, Ambition and Adjustment upends traditional accounts of postcolonial development, exposing how socialism and capitalism both conflicted and overlapped to shape Africa's trajectory since independence.

Shows how the proliferation of contractors within the federal agencies is fundamentally reshaping American governance.

Much of what the federal government does today is carried out by people the public rarely sees. While debates focus on bureaucrats and political appointees, agencies increasingly rely on a vast contractor workforce to perform functions ranging from tech support to policy analysis to regulatory drafting services. This quiet transformation has altered how the government functions while simultaneously preserving the public-facing image of a bureaucracy run by civil servants. The federal government does not keep reliable data on how many contractors it employs, but many estimates suggest that contractors outnumber career bureaucrats.

In Going Private, Rachel Augustine Potter explains how this shift reshapes the everyday operation of the administrative state and coalesces power within the presidency. Easily hired and easily fired, contractors have strong incentives to please their clients, making them malleable to the president's will. Presidents from both parties have leveraged these features and learned to rely on contractors to advance political priorities, bypass uncooperative bureaucrats, and gain increased control over agency work.

Drawing on new data and interviews, Going Private argues that outsourcing is not merely an administrative convenience. Rather, it is a defining feature of contemporary governance-one that complicates accountability, blurs the boundaries of the administrative state, and alters the exercise of presidential power.

This book offers a comprehensive exploration of Medan's development, blending rigorous research with narrative flair to recreate the historical ambience of the city and its people. Divided into three sections, the book delves into the evolution of Medan and its strategic role in the plantation economy, examines the lives and contributions of its prominent Chinese community, and follows the rise and fall of European and Chinese enterprises.

The book draws upon multiple historical archives from the Netherlands, Indonesia, Singapore, China, Switzerland, and many more, combined with images and interviews. Together, these resources provide a compelling backdrop to the narratives of influential figures and also everyday people. By situating local developments within the broader context of global events-such as economic and political shifts in Asia-the book provides a thorough understanding of Medan's role as a truly cosmopolitan city in the Dutch Indies. The book is designed to invite readers into a unique past, using language and place names of the era to enhance authenticity.

An expert compares renewables and nuclear power as sources of low-carbon energy for the electric grid

As the earth warms and we hurtle toward a climate reckoning, many nations are seeking low-carbon, greener ways to generate electricity. Electrification promises to power our vehicles, devices, and infrastructure in a decarbonized future. But, as Peter Wynn Kirby reminds us in The Coming Surge, electricity is only as green as the means used to produce it. Kirby sets up a head-to-head comparison of the two top contenders in the race to produce low-carbon energy for the electric grid: renewables and nuclear. Along the way, he makes predictions about technological development, from AI to automated traffic systems and grid sensor expansion, and considers how political shifts could influence energy policy and environmental outcomes. Through it all, perhaps improbably, he remains optimistic about human resilience and the fate of the planet.

Drawing on extensive fieldwork and research conducted in France, Japan, China, Puerto Rico, Finland, the Netherlands, and Germany, Kirby explores the way different countries are grappling with such issues as global warming, energy-sucking data centers, unsteady grids, infrastructure gigantism, extractive ideology, and carbon culture deprogramming. He finds that, rhetoric aside, nuclear power has fared poorly in a number of countries, including the United States, because it has been unable to compete on the basis of cost. As solar and wind costs have plummeted in recent years, renewables now appeal to municipal governments and utility companies even in deep red states like Oklahoma, Kansas, and especially Texas-the country's top wind producer. In the end, he suggests that the future of low-carbon power may hinge less on grand technological achievements than on which systems are quickly scalable and can survive the tumult of markets, politics, and time on a planet running out of leeway.

This book develops a pluralistic political theory that reinterprets John Rawls's proviso as a framework of justification capable of sustaining legitimacy amid deep reasonable pluralism and the rise of artificial intelligence. Part I reconstructs the distinction between morality and ethics in contemporary political philosophy and argues that the right to reciprocal and general justification grounds a freestanding but non-metaphysical account of political legitimacy. Part II brings this framework into dialogue with Confucian political thought, showing how a modified proviso can underwrite a non-meritocratic and pluralistic Confucian democracy, while also accommodating hybrid constitutional orders and maintaining global justice. Part III extends the same justificatory structure to the technological domain, proposing an expanded proviso as a normative architecture for the design, adoption, and regulation of artificial intelligence systems in democratic societies. Across these three parts, the book comparatively advances a pluralistic political theory at the intersection of ethics, politics, and artificial intelligence, showing how justificatory practices can be extended from liberal democracy to Confucian traditions and algorithmic governance to prepare democratic institutions for an increasingly technologically mediated future.

This book provides a philosophical analysis of the link between the concept of causation, explanation and mechanisms. It addresses the rapidly expanding field of the new mechanical philosophy from a historical and theoretical point of view, and presents the philosophical ideas that have impacted the mechanistic project and the limits of this project as seen from various explanatory contexts. Furthermore, the book focuses in a succinct manner on the metaphysical and methodological aspects of the new mechanical philosophy and proposes suggestions for future work on the issue of causes and mechanisms. The chapters, accessible to both philosophers and scientists, serve as a helpful tool to the current debate surrounding mechanism, explanation and causation. The variety and range of coverage in this book makes it a perfect choice for students of history and philosophy of science, students of the sciences, and scholars interested in the philosophy of science.

This book focuses on sudden deaths of African leaders. In doing so, it addresses aspects such as resulting political tensions, issues with regards to law, the constitution, and presidential succession, following a sudden death. It further sheds light on the role of media in constructing and disseminating narratives in the event of sudden deaths of political leaders in Africa. The book brings together established and emerging scholars from ten African countries namely: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Chad, Nigeria, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Mozambique.

Authors have applied multiple methodological approaches using data collected from media discourses, documentaries, archival information which makes the book a valuable source of literature for future students, scholars, researchers, and policy makers. Generally, the book will be of an interest across the interdisciplinary fields including linguistics; journalism; political studies; psychology; communication; history, law, sociology, security studies, international relations. and culture.

America's staggering racial and economic divides did not emerge by accident-they were built. Stratification Economics exposes how centuries of law, policy, and institutional design manufactured inequality, from slavery and land dispossession to redlining, deregulation, and modern tax regimes that funnel wealth upward. Neoliberal ideology, the book shows, cloaks these structures in the language of markets and meritocracy, obscuring how privatization, austerity, and constitutional doctrine consistently entrench hierarchy. Across domains-housing, labor, education, corporate power, and the courts-the same pattern recurs: policies that appear neutral in theory reproduce racial and class stratification in practice.

Against this backdrop, the manuscript advances Stratification Economics as a transformative framework for understanding and undoing inequality. Drawing on cutting-edge empirical research, it reveals discrimination as a rational strategy of group advantage and offers a clear blueprint for equitable reform. In doing so, it reframes the American economy not as an engine of opportunity, but as a system we must redesign to achieve it.

A clarion call to recognize soldiers' rights, arguing that volunteering to fight and die for one's country does not mean consenting to exploitation in the process.

American leaders endlessly profess their admiration for military service members. But these effusive declarations hardly comport with reality. Soldiers receive shoddy equipment and inadequate medical care; they are ordered to commit crimes and deployed to illegal wars. Such treatment is rarely recognized for what it is: a violation of the duty owed to soldiers by their government. When American service members are injured or killed during training, for example, they and their families are barred from suing the military for negligence or malfeasance. And when the torture of detainees at Abu Ghraib came to light, the subsequent proceedings focused just on low-ranking perpetrators. The psychological harm done to the soldiers themselves by commanders who ordered them to commit torture in the first place went unacknowledged.

Examining statutes, treaties, court cases, and congressional hearings, Saira Mohamed shows how the law encourages the treatment of soldiers as mere instruments, to be used and abused however the government wishes. She also unearths overlooked laws that point in the other direction, suggesting the possibility of robust protections for service members. Paradoxically, these get ignored in part because of the popular adulation of the military-the vision of service members as heroes who selflessly endure unlimited sacrifice. The all-volunteer nature of the force also promotes the misguided notion that soldiers have willingly accepted whatever mistreatment they might experience.

What a Country Owes Its Soldiers shows how laws and mindsets can change, enabling genuine respect for soldiers' humanity. Acknowledging their rights can transform our understanding of those who fight America's wars, and of American warmaking itself.

The gold standard for generations of college and graduate students writing research papers, now thoroughly updated to reflect today's expectations.

Whether you are writing your first college research paper or your dissertation, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations-also known as "Turabian"-remains a classic resource because of its timeless focus on the fundamentals of good research writing. For more than eight decades, it has offered comprehensive guidance on current expectations for academic writing. Based on the idea that writing a paper means engaging in a conversation with others in your field, it shows you how to conduct research, craft an argument, and produce an original work based on evidence and reasoning that responds to and builds on what others have previously written. Along the way, it also serves as a reference for cultivating consistent and respectful practices toward your readers in citations, language choices, and paper format.

This new edition reflects the continuing evolution in academic writing conventions. It has been updated to reflect the most current editions of The Craft of Research and The Chicago Manual of Style and features the following additional changes:

• A redesign for easier navigation
• Extensive coverage of the appropriate use of generative AI
• A rewritten chapter on visual communication
• Greater attention to writing centers and tutors
• New notes for students and instructors on how to use the book
• Refreshed examples throughout

Further, new ancillary written and video materials to support your use of the book are available online at Turabian.org.

With nearly 10 million copies sold, A Manual for Writers remains the most trusted and time-tested reference for writing research papers. Authoritative, clear, easy to read, and with plenty of examples, it is the essential guide for any student or teacher concerned with research and good writing.

This book explores the complexities arising at the intersection of international law, state sovereignty, and global commerce. The core focus is on how international arbitration can be employed to resolve disputes stemming from the national security screening of foreign direct investment (FDI). The flow of FDI has been integral to global economic development, yet it has increasingly attracted scrutiny from national governments. This scrutiny has intensified due to geopolitical tensions and concerns over the control of critical infrastructure and sensitive technologies. As states aim to balance the economic benefits of FDI with the need to protect national security, conflicts between state actions and international investment agreements have grown more complex. International arbitration, particularly through investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), represents a crucial forum for resolving these disputes.

The book addresses the challenge of upholding international treaties while respecting the legitimate security concerns of states. It provides a detailed examination of how ISDS mechanisms can address these disputes, the legal principles involved, and the broader implications for international law and global investment governance. The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on harmonizing national security needs with the standards of protection promised under international investment law. It critically analyzes the role of arbitration in resolving conflicts arising from national security screenings, offering insights into how arbitral tribunals balance state sovereignty with investor protection. Additionally, it explores potential improvements to the arbitration process to enhance its fairness and efficiency in handling these high-stakes disputes.

This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of equity markets in Canada and the United States with particular attention to the institutional and regulatory architectures that have shaped them. It begins by tracing the development and evolution of the U.S. exchanges and the emergence of securities regulation in the United States.

The book then studies the boom years of the 1950s and 1960s, which came with the growth of mutual funds and a growing role by other institutional investors including pension funds and insurance companies. The study then explores the U.S. government's pivotal role in fostering the growth of Nasdaq and the National Market System, which contrasted with Canada's weaker regulatory environment.

In addition , the book discusses how the failed merger between the Toronto Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange ultimately contributed to the consolidation of market power for the TMX Group-an entity that has achieved unrivalled dominance in Canadian security markets and operates under the effective control of most of the country's leading commercial banks. This work is of significant interest to scholars, students, investors, and policymakers concerned with financial history, capital market structure, regulatory change, and the history of North American stock markets.

This book centres on the transformation that the European Union has undergone in framing its reaction to the Russian aggression towards Ukraine, and analyses the effects that that reaction is having across a number of its policies.

Key EU policy domains examined include the formulation of sanctions packages under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and their implementation and enforcement, but also migration, enlargement and defence policy.

The volume presents a legal analysis of the innovations introduced in various policy fields and their profound implications on EU external action writ large, including a discussion of ensuing case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the impact of the EU practice on restrictive measures on Public International Law.

The book provides an updated examination of the latest developments regarding the EU's reaction to the Russo-Ukrainian war and their legal and political implications. It will be of interest to scholars of European Law, European studies, International Relations and Political Science, in addition to foreign policy practitioners and legal professionals.

Sara Poli is full Professor of EU law in the Department of Political Science at the University of Pisa in Italy.

Madalina Moraru is an Associate Professor of EU Law in the Department of Political and Social Sciences of the University of Bologna in Italy.

Luca Paladini is an Associate Professor of EU Law in the Department of Humanities of the University for Foreigners of Siena in Italy.

Clara Portela is a Professor of Political Science in the Department of Constitutional Law and Political Science of the University of Valencia Faculty of Law in Spain.

Advances in Pacific Basin Business, Economics and Finance (APBBEF) is a peer-reviewed publication series issued annually by Emerald Publishing. The journal is dedicated to promoting interdisciplinary research in finance, economics, and management, with a focus on the Pacific Rim region. All submissions undergo a peer-review process, with editorial recommendations provided by members of the editorial board. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

1. Policy and management of financial markets and institutions;
2. Options, futures, and derivatives markets;
3. Corporate finance and investment decisions;
4. Insurance and risk management;
5. Accounting, auditing, and taxation;
6. Artificial intelligence and emerging technology in finance;
7. ESG and sustainability issues;
8. Income, employment, and education;
9. Monetary and foreign exchange policy;
10. Broader economic policies relevant to the Pacific Basin.

APBBEF is indexed in ABI/INFORM, EconLit, EBSCO, ProQuest, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar.

This book presents a rigorous, historically grounded analysis of the mechanisms that sustain brand formation, successor development, and transgenerational entrepreneurship in Japanese long-established family firms. Through an in-depth, multi-method case study of YAMAMOTO-NORITEN-a seven-generation, 175-year-old seaweed company in Nihonbashi-it fills a major gap in family business research, where longitudinal, empirically documented studies of individual firms remain rare.

The book contributes three major scholarly advancements. First, it offers a detailed account of how legacy brands emerge as accumulations of intangible assets, socio-emotional wealth, symbolic capital, and embedded family narratives. Second, it advances the concept of successor legitimacy by integrating Weberian traditional authority, Linton's status theory, and contemporary legitimacy research, arguing that successors must navigate a "constraint-autonomy dilemma." Third, it proposes a model of the legacy accumulative chain, demonstrating how innovations and inherited resources interact across generations in a long-term, path-dependent process.

The work targets practitioners, scholars, and graduate students in family business, entrepreneurship, Japanese management, organizational theory, and socio-economic history. It provides a robust empirical foundation through company documents, genealogies, and extensive oral histories, illustrating how intangible assets and institutional embeddedness shape continuity and competitive advantage. Overall, the book offers a theoretically innovative and empirically rich contribution to global family business scholarship.

How the Roman empire shaped the West and the emergence of the modern economy

Most historians recounting the rise of the West begin their narratives somewhere in the Middle Ages. In this groundbreaking account, historian Taco Terpstra argues that if we want to understand how the rise of the West unfolded, we need to look further back-all the way to the Neolithic, when an upward trend in social development began.

For millennia after the Neolithic Revolution, the fastest rising part of the West was the area of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Levant and the Aegean. Yet around 1400 CE, the highest levels of social development shifted from the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean to the northwestern parts of Europe-northern Italy, France, Germany, the Low Countries, and Britain. As Terpstra shows, it was the shock of the Roman occupation that created the unprecedented and anomalous shift. The post-Roman northwest built on the gains it had made during the imperial era to catch up in social development and achieve Western supremacy. Thus, it was imperial Rome that determined where the modern economy emerged.