In this edited volume, D'Orazzi, Hajek, Mullan, and Ohashi unveil the rich tapestry of language education across Australia's diverse landscape. The contributors present various case studies and experimental practices that are transforming language learning in established European and Asian language programmes, as well as showcasing vital efforts to preserve and revitalise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages.

First-hand accounts in the volume reveal how collaborative approaches are creating resilient, inclusive language programmes, and explore evidence-based strategies for sustainable language programme development. The insights into decolonised pedagogical approaches that honour Indigenous knowledge systems, the proposed frameworks for cross-institutional collaboration, and the solutions to common challenges faced by language educators in English-dominant countries everywhere, all provide a roadmap for innovation applicable beyond Australian borders.

An essential resource for language and culture educators, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers from applied linguistics and language, this volume also offers substantive theoretical advancements while simultaneously providing innovative pedagogical frameworks for those dedicated to addressing diverse learner demographics.

Chapters Introduction and 4 of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This book explores the politics of military exercises in Europe between 1975 and 2018, revealing how NATO, the Soviet Union, and Russia have used exercises as political tools and how these activities shaped and reflected their perception of the threat environment.

Drawing on extensive archival research and expert interviews, this work offers an examination of (and reflection on) European security by combining a detailed analysis of military exercises across three distinct periods (1975-1990, 1991-2013, 2014-2018) with an exploration of the development of Confidence- (and Security-) Building Measures, bridging Cold War and contemporary security environments. Studies of military exercises in the past have mostly focused on actors' capabilities or on isolated exercises. What sets the present book apart is that it reveals how strategic culture shapes threat perception and, therefore, demonstrates how NATO and Russia interpret military exercises differently based on their interpretation of what is considered "security". By exploring the politics of military exercises across three distinct periods, the analysis identifies how culturally driven factors that contribute to international actors' threat perception have a hand in shaping security dynamics.

This book will be of interest to academics, researchers, policymakers, and graduate students in the fields of European security, NATO-Russia relations, strategic culture, and international relations more broadly.

In the early 1950s, Iranian oil became a firebomb of the Cold War in the Middle East, creating one of the era's two major hot spots alongside Korea.This book examines the dramatic events surrounding Mohammad Mossadegh whose government unanimously passed legislation nationalizing the Iranian oil industry, triggering the first oil crisis of the Cold War.

Drawing on newly declassified archival documents from the former Soviet Union, CIA, British special services, and Turkish diplomatic archives, the volume highlights the fierce struggle between the USSR and Anglo-American allies for the influence of Iran. The book chronicles Mossadegh's rise to power, his stance against Western interests, and the complex Cold War machinations that ultimately led to his government's overthrow in August 1953.

The Iranian Oil Crisis and Mossadegh in the Cold War, 1949-1953 will be beneficial to students and scholars in the fields of History, International Relations, Cold War History, Political Science and Humanities interested in and/or working on Iran History.

The story of how Hurricane Camille, which struck the Mississippi Gulf Coast in 1969 as a Category 5, changed the way the nation responded to disasters

Hurricane Camille, which struck the Mississippi Gulf Coast in 1969, was one of only three Category 5 hurricanes to hit the United States in the twentieth century. In this book, Andrew Morris tells the story of how this one storm changed the way the nation responded to disasters. From that point forward, Americans came to expect the federal government to play a major role in aiding individual disaster victims and helping disaster-struck communities rebuild.

For most of US history, Morris recounts, this was not the case. Localities, states, and charities such as the American Red Cross were on the front line of disaster response. But after World War II, the nation's prosperity and growth put billions of dollars of homes and businesses in harm's way-particularly in storm-prone regions like the Mississippi Gulf Coast-and exceeded the capacity of this system to respond.

When Hurricane Camille struck Mississippi, it ravaged a vibrant coastal economy buoyed by tourism and federal military and space facilities. Moreover, it struck a state that was in the last throes of resistance to the application of federal civil rights laws. And it struck at a particular political juncture in American politics during which a Congress still dominated by the Democratic Party had an expansive view of the nation's commitment to the less fortunate while newly elected President Richard Nixon sought to draw conservative southerners into the Republican party.

Morris argues that all of these dynamics-the sheer scale of destruction, the activism by civil rights advocates for equitable care of African American disaster victims, the desire of southern elites for government subsidies to rebuild a risky coastal economy, and the openness of officials in Congress and the White House to broaden the reach of federal authority-led to a system in which, in the twenty-first century, Americans assume the federal government will be there for them in the wake of disaster.

Bakare presents a critical yet divergent views of American and Chinese exceptionalism that problematizes the contextual nexus between exceptionalism and soft power as a form of diplomacy. It also dissects the normative, structural, intellectual, and material content of American and Chinese exceptionalism to make sense of the regional and global implications of the two forms of exceptionalism.

The book provides a broad overview of American foreign policy, while exposing the embedded exceptionalism in its foreign policy and addresses the consequences of American exceptionalism vis-a-vis its foreign relations, such as in its US-India relations, US-Turkey relations, US-Africa relations, US-South America relations, US-Middle East relations, and its post-9/11 and War on Terror doctrine. It also takes an epistemological examination of the praxis of Chinese 'exceptionalism', assessing China's claim to global hegemony, Chinese soft power diplomacy, global developmental projects as form of its own exceptionalism. Hence, it also examines Chinese exceptionalism through the lens of China's relations with the rest of the world.

A timely and insightful read for scholars and researchers in International Relations, Global Studies, and Area Studies as well as students, think tanks, diplomats and international relations experts, who seek to have theoretical and empirical analysis on two variants - competing American and Chinese exceptionalism.

Coloma examines the bilateral relationship between China and Chile over the past decades and explores an approach that accounts for the plurality of political and ideological dimensions in international relations, particularly concerning non-Western and non-European countries.

The book develops three key claims. First, two socialist countries can arrive at antagonistic understandings of socialism and yet articulate ideological convergences around other elements. Second, a communist country can obscure its political divergence from an anti-communist regime by redefining its ideological horizon. Third, the signing of China's first free trade agreement and its upgrade can be understood as the articulation of political demands and the ideological concealment of antagonisms, rather than as a result of technocratic decisions informed by economic complementarities. These findings suggest that the significance of China's presence in Latin America depends on how each country articulates the other as an element of its foreign policy and vice versa. It thus shifts our perspective away from dominant interpretations that reduce China to the image of a rising power encroaching on the backyard of the United States.

An insightful book for researchers and academics in Global International Relations and Politics, as well as those interested in Latin America and China's relations.

How the US military origins of global capitalism facilitated both South Korea's "economic miracle" and the decline of US industrial might

The US military has become a ubiquitous part of modern economic life. The Cold War prompted the first permanent overseas deployment of US troops and the creation of a global network of US military bases. Today, US military facilities can be found in every US state and overseas territory, as well as in dozens of foreign countries. The creation of this empire of bases cost billions of dollars and required the cooperation of states, corporations, and workers from around the world. It also remade the US military into the world's most significant economic force.

In Standardizing Empire, Patrick Chung examines the historical processes that led to the creation of the US military's astounding global footprint and reckons with the wide-ranging consequences of its globalization. Focusing on the Korean War and the subsequent militarization of South Korea, Chung traces how US military contracts came to influence the production of countless everyday items, such as cast-iron pipes and clothing, as well as a range of essential services, including transportation and construction. He deploys the term "military-industrial capitalism" to describe the new economic system centered on US military consumption.

To illustrate the pervasive impact of military-industrial capitalism, Standardizing Empire charts the histories of three of the leading South Korean multinational corporations today: shipping company Hanjin, steelmaker POSCO, and car manufacturer Hyundai. These case studies depict the companies' early ties to the US military and explain how they came to produce, sell, and employ workers worldwide, including in the United States. Standardizing Empire explains not only how today's US-led capitalist world economy originated but also how the emergence of military-industrial capitalism facilitated both South Korea's "economic miracle" and the decline of US industrial might.

This book explores the major challenges of mediation during armed conflicts and post-conflict peacebuilding in an age of division, when the permanent members of the UN Security Council are fundamentally divided. The author argues that it is critical to mediate armed conflicts and implement peacebuilding by maintaining the fundamental rules of the international system, such as respecting "national sovereignty, borders of states, and self-determination of peoples," even in the age of division. At the same time, he calls for "adaptive peacebuilding," reflecting local contexts, histories, and political dynamics, avoiding text-tailored approaches.

Dialogues and interviews with the leadership of conflicted states provide unique perspectives on both inter-state and intra-state wars, presenting major findings regarding the wars in Ukraine, South Sudan, and Afghanistan.

This volume targets scholars and students of international relations and international organizations, especially those interested in mediation and peacebuilding; it is also valuable for practitioners working for UN, NGOs, think-tanks, diplomats, policymakers, and member states.

India's sea-based nuclear deterrent is entering a new phase, with the third Arihant-class SSBN, INS Aridhaman, due for commissioning and a fourth boat at an advanced stage of construction. Together, this expanding force is intended to form the ultimate guarantor of India's nuclear deterrence. The credibility and perceived invulnerability of these platforms are therefore sine qua non for deterrence stability.

Against this backdrop, the book examines the optimal deployment strategies India might adopt to enhance the survivability of its SSBNs. The principal strategy is open-ocean patrols, while an alternative approach is the bastion strategy, under which SSBNs operate within relatively secure home waters. Both strategies can be operationalised through continuous at-sea deterrence, with at least one submarine maintained on patrol at all times to strengthen the credibility of assured retaliation. Each approach carries distinct advantages and limitations. Accordingly, the book analyses the experiences of the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China with both bastion and open-ocean patrol concepts. Drawing on these comparative cases, it proposes policy options for India's "silent guardians," while remaining attentive to India's unique nuclear doctrine, threat environment, and geographic constraints.

This title has been co-published with Knowledge World Publishers. T&F does not sell or distribute the print versions in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri lanka.

Between 1392 and 1592-a period bounded by Japanese pirate raids along the Korean coast and Japan's invasion of Choson Korea-more than 4,600 Japanese trade missions were recorded by the Choson government. In response to these missions, the famous official Sin Sukchu compiled regulations, detailed information about Japanese contacts, and other material, which was printed in 1472 as the Haedong chegukki. Additional information was added in 1512, creating a still more detailed report for overseeing Japanese and Ryukyuan diplomacy and trade with the Choson government. The 1512 text, which is translated here into English for the first time, shows in rich detail how Korea managed these foreign relations for some two centuries. The regulations illustrate the depth of the management of contact, trade, movement, and other aspects of presence in Choson. Korea-Japan trade practices are depicted in numerous profiles of Japanese contacts from Tsushima to Kyoto, including the use of impostor identities designed in Japan for trade and diplomacy in the second half of the fifteenth century and sixteenth century.

Copious notes and explications supplement the present translation of the Haedong chegukki and supply the reader with the background information necessary to identify the names and places mentioned and understand their relation to Korean and Japanese political history and the structure of relations that linked the two countries. Historians of Korea, Japan, and East Asian foreign relations will find the translation a most valuable resource.

This book is the first to connect Classics with Public Policy, opening up discussion of the study and application of Classics in, and for, policy communities across the United Kingdom.

It confronts and dismantles existing dominant narratives that classicists do not 'do' policy and shows that, like any other skill, policy engagement can be taught. It provides examples from UK research and policy contexts and makes suggestions for how subject associations, learned societies and universities can embed the pedagogy of policy engagement into their courses. Contributions range from academic classicists to a Former Secretary of State to a current junior civil servant, and each reflects on their routes into policy and recommends ways for colleagues to begin, or extend, their policy influence. At a time when the Arts and Humanities are under increasing financial pressures, this book provides much-needed case studies of personal and professional experiences which highlight the 'value' of classicists' research, evidence for informing policy priorities and the 'relevance' of Classics for employability and career success in UK government, parliament and beyond.

This volume is of interest to anyone studying or working in the fields of Classics and public policy, particularly in the UK.

Based on extensive in-depth interview research with young Europeans, this book reveals the root causes of radicalisation among European youth with different ethno-cultural and religious backgrounds.

Drawing on interdisciplinary research and the voices of young people themselves, the book demonstrates that both nativist and Islamist trajectories emerge from overlapping experiences of inequality, insecurity, spatial marginalisation, and fractured futures. It explores the dynamics of radicalisation within European societies by examining the intersecting forces of globalisation, socio-economic deprivation, political deprivation, and spatial deprivation.

It will appeal to scholars and students working on radicalisation, de-radicalisation, emotions, democracy and diversity management, minority and migration studies, globalisation, socio-economic deprivation, youth studies, and religious, nationalist, and culturalist ideologies. It will also be useful to policymakers and practitioners who work in the field of radicalisation and de-radicalisation.

This book examines France's continued dominance in the Indian Ocean region following British withdrawal from East of Suez. The study analyzes France's political, economic, and strategic interests across 2.6 million km (2) of maritime territory, constituting twenty-four percent of its EEZ. The work covers France's bilateral relations, its role in the Indian Ocean Commission, its policies toward regional demilitarization while also including:

• Comprehensive analysis of France's sustained political, economic, and strategic presence in the Indian Ocean region following British withdrawal
• Examination of France's bilateral relations with Western Indian Ocean states including Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles, and Comoros
• Assessment of France's role in regional organizations, particularly the Indian Ocean Commission and multilateral frameworks
• Analysis of France's maritime interests covering 2.6 million km (2) of Exclusive Economic Zone in the Indian Ocean
• Investigation of France's policy approaches toward regional demilitarization and security arrangements

The analysis demonstrates how France transformed from colonial power to acknowledged resident state, maintaining significant influence in regional and global affairs through sustained commitment to the Western Indian Ocean.

This title has been co-published with Knowledge World Publishers. T&F does not sell or distribute the print versions in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri lanka.

This book examines the nature of party competition in hybrid regimes, focusing on Georgia, a post-Soviet hybrid regime. It explores the coexistence of programmatic and clientelistic forms of party competition, offering a nuanced understanding of electoral dynamics in non-democratic contexts.

Guided by three research questions, the book investigates the extent of programmatic party competition, its emergence, and its coexistence with clientelistic practices. Using a multi-method research design and a range of primary data, it integrates programmatic and clientelistic frameworks to analyse party competition in democratic and non-democratic contexts. The book applies process tracing methodology to demonstrate how intra-party competition influences pre-election manifestos and expands an established behavioural model to better suit non-democratic settings. Readers gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of party competition in hybrid regimes.

This book is intended for researchers and students studying electoral politics, party competition, coalition politics, and area studies, particularly those focusing on post-Soviet societies and the Caucasus. It is also valuable for scholars interested in hybrid regimes and non-democratic political systems.

1989 in the East revisits the processes that led to the collapse of communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the USSR. This disintegration appeared to be the result of complex mobilisations where the repertoires of action, the institutional and non-institutional ties, the ideological preferences, and the identities of the actors, including the most official ones, have been profoundly changed. The modes of contestation have gone from a self-limited subversion of established institutions, with some forms of collaboration with the regime, to much clearer and more radical forms of head-on opposition. Opposition movements developed according to rhythms and modalities specific to each country, sometimes to each social sphere. Social mobilisations, institutional transformations (both visible and less visible), and the emergence of new actors in all social spheres are therefore central issues in this book.

This book, based on rich empirical material, will be of interest to specialists in the region, as well as, more generally, to students of regime change and collapse, political crises, social movements, authoritarian regimes, and the forms of mobilisation that develop within them.

This book analyses the historical interactions between UNESCO and China during the often-neglected period of 1945-1971.

Spanning from UNESCO's inception up to the year the People's Republic of China (PRC) regained the official Chinese seat at the United Nations, this book uncovers the multifaceted dynamics of this relationship by mapping out interactions in three major aspects: education, science, and culture. It sheds light on China's complex role in the postwar world order, demonstrating how the nation perceived and practiced its international role during this tumultuous period. By examining UNESCO's presence in China during the civil war and Cold War, this book reveals the tensions, difficulties, and legacies of science diplomacy and cultural diplomacy facilitated by the organization. This book also maps out some "lost links" in the current narratives of both UNESCO and China's diplomacy, providing the historical trajectory necessary to understand China's current and future engagement with the organization and the broader world.

This book will be of interest to scholars and students specializing in modern China, cross-strait Relations, East Asian studies, the history of science, Cold War history, diplomatic history, international history, transnational history, and global history, particularly through the lens of international organizations.

Written by one of the leading scholars of Japanese religion, Lords of Life is the fifth and last book of a multivolume project that stands as a milestone in our understanding of the mythico-ritual system of esoteric Buddhism-specifically the nature and roles of deities within the religious landscape of medieval Japan and beyond. Bernard Faure introduces readers to medieval Japanese religiosity, highlighting the central role of gods in religious discourse and ritual. In doing so, he departs from traditional textual, historical, and sociological approaches that constitute the "method" of current religious studies. Instead, Faure draws on theoretical insights from structuralism, post-structuralism, and Actor-Network Theory to retrieve the "implicit pantheon" (as opposed to the "explicit orthodox pantheon") of esoteric Japanese Buddhism (Mikkyo).

In the earlier volumes-The Fluid Pantheon and Predators and Protectors- Faure argued against a polarity or dichotomy between buddhas and kami by emphasizing the existence of deities that did not belong to either category, and he rejected the retrospective notion of "hybridity." In Rage and Ravage, he made a similar case about the reified distinction between gods and demons to show that, due to the fluid nature of the Japanese pantheon, these terms do not represent stable identities: gods can become demons, and demons are sometimes deified. From Stars to Stones, the fourth volume, showed how mythological notions influenced (and in return were transformed by) medieval Japanese religion and the performing arts (geino). In this final book, Lords of Life, Faure explores the concept of surveillance in Daoism and Buddhism, the significance of the gods of destiny, and how they transform the official, or frontal, Buddhist doctrine of karma. This perspective offers a distinctive view of Buddhism, approaching it as if through a "back door."

Throughout this monumental series, Faure expertly weaves together religion's various strands to underscore his argument that Japanese religion cannot be fully understood by relying solely on abstract categories like "Buddhism" and "Shinto," despite convention and convenience.