After four hundred years of Ottoman rule followed by a little over two decades as part of the French Mandate, Lebanon finally gained independence in 1943. In her translation and editing of the four books by Mohammad Fawaz, Director of Lebanon's Directorate General of Urbanism from 1974 to 1993, Christine Mady provides a unique insight into the development and urban planning of Lebanon and its capital city Beirut from 1943 to the present day. Following a summary of the key events in Lebanon's history and of Mohammad Fawaz's career, her introduction describes how Fawaz's books, published in 2002, 2005, 2010 and 2019 respectively, provide detailed analysis and assessment of the country's planning system, its procedures, and management - from master plans to transport planning and building controls. She divides her translation and editing of his works into three parts: The Lebanese Urban Planning System, Laws, and Actors; The Role of Urban Planning regarding Lebanon's National Resources and Capabilities; and Urban Planning, Transport, Housing, Real Estate, and Post-War Reconstruction. The book ends with a reflection on what has gone before, quoting the seven challenges which Mohammad Fawaz gives as contributing to the status quo of urban planning in Lebanon, and a survey of the situation today.

Situated within the broadly understood subfield of environmental memory studies, this book explores Israeli forests as spaces of commemoration. It investigates their significance in the Jewish-Israeli memory culture over the last century, as well as their role as a recurrent form of environmental memorial, understood as a commemoration that uses the organic as both the symbolic and the building substance. In doing so, it reveals the roles that the natural environment plays in memory practices: as a carrier of symbolic meanings, and also as an acting, more-than-human element of memorial spaces.

Employing the perspective of environmental hermeneutics, the analysis is grounded in the realities of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and reflects on the intricate intersection of ideological, political, socio-economic, personal, and institutional dimensions of local tree planting. Simultaneously, it draws from instances of arboreal commemorations found in other geographical and cultural contexts, situating the practice of memorial forests within the wider framework of environmental memory and its associated social practices. In this way, it offers instructive insights for other cases of arboreal remembrance, highlighting both the potential benefits and risks linked to environmental memorials.

Utilising an interdisciplinary approach, this fascinating and groundbreaking volume will engage scholars and researchers from a wide range of disciplines, including Memory Studies, Cultural Geography, Israel Studies, and Environmental Humanities.

Critical Failures revisits the overlooked messiness at the heart of Japan's early experiments with modern criticism. In the Meiji era, young intellectuals posited that mastering the art of critical reading - called hihyo - was essential for Japan's advancement on the world stage. Yet, while they made concerted efforts to theorize hihyo and proposed ambitious ideals, their actual reading practice often fell short of what they set out to accomplish. Miyabi Goto argues that this gap between theory and practice - hihyo's failure - opened unexpected pathways for what critical reading could be.

Through vivid case studies of spirited debates about how to engage with literature, Goto traces the ways in which these early critics navigated new print spaces and forged discourses that were unruly, anarchic, and generative precisely when they failed to meet hihyo's ideals. Critical Failures combines close reading with intellectual and media history to recast failure as a fertile ground for rethinking critique itself. In so doing, this study offers today's readers an invitation to reflect on our own critical habits and the possibility of an unprescribed mode of reading.

The book explores the transformation and eventual dismissal of the reform intentions following the 2011 Uprisings, highlighting the shift toward survival struggles and the normalization of authoritarian regimes. It features diverse perspectives from activists, political leaders and ordinary citizens in Bahrain and Syria, humanizing the narrative by showcasing personal experiences related to the Uprisings. This book examines the complex dynamics of sectarian identities during pivotal state formation processes and uprisings, analyzing how securitization and de-securitization have influenced political landscapes in Bahrain and Syria. Additionally, the book provides essential historical context for understanding the emergence of the Arab Uprisings by tracing the roots of political discontent, sectarian tensions, and socioeconomic grievances.

A deep historical analysis, the book will serve as a valuable resource for academics, students and policymakers in Middle Eastern studies, Asian studies, politics and international relations.

This book tackles the fundamental question of how a society with competing collective memories and visions can build a common nation while trying to reconcile the past and forge a common future. Delving into the complex interplay between collective memory, identity, nation-building, and constitution making within the Ethiopian context, it offers a detailed case of how law, memory, and power interact in post-conflict, multi-ethnic societies.

Using the 1995 Ethiopian Constitution as a case study, the book investigates how competing collective memories and identity conflicts have shaped Ethiopia's national identity, governance, and broader efforts toward nation-building in a multinational state. Drawing on in-depth interviews, document analysis, and theoretical insights, it explores how historical grievances, identity politics, and contested memories were embedded in constitutional debates over federalism, language, the flag, and the right to self-determination. The analysis highlights the ways in which these collective memories influence political dynamics, contribute to ongoing internal conflicts, and shape national narratives. Offering a deeper understanding of how memory politics affects governance and stability, this work addresses the broader implications for scholars and policymakers interested in the intersections of memory, identity, and constitutional processes in diverse societies.

By centering Ethiopia, and through a synthesis of theoretical frameworks and empirical research, this book provides crucial insights into the challenges and possibilities of nation-building across the Global South, making it essential reading for researchers and advanced students interested in the complexities of governing multinational states, African politics and law, and those with interests in memory studies, sociology, social psychology more broadly.

State Failure in Lebanon: Causes and Implications investigates the persistent inability of Lebanon's political system to establish a cohesive, effective, and legitimate state over the past century.

Drawing on theories of state-building, consociationalism, and political decay, this book explores how Lebanon's sectarian power-sharing arrangement-initially intended to manage internal divisions-has instead entrenched elite fragmentation, weakened state institutions, and obstructed the development of national cohesion. It examines how internal dynamics, including sectarianism, corruption, and institutional politicisation, have combined with foreign intervention and structural flaws to erode state authority. From the emergence of the Lebanese state to the present
day, the book shows how the failure to cultivate an overarching loyalty to the state has contributed to chronic governance crises and recurring instability. Using qualitative analysis of discourse and content, it sheds new light on why Lebanon remains fragile despite repeated efforts at reform.

This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Middle East politics, conflict studies, and comparative state-building, as well as policymakers and analysts concerned with governance, sectarianism, and institutional resilience in divided societies.

This book builds upon landmark contributions by Lucien Hanks and Benedict Anderson to interdisciplinary scholarship on Southeast Asia, particularly their essays on how worldview and indigenous notions of power have shaped society and politics. Five anthropologists revisit these classic analyses, situating local notions of power in contemporary dynamics through fieldwork, areal comparisons, and historical studies in this volume. Their comparisons, contrasts, and ethnography in contemporary Thailand, Laos, and Indonesia examine local notions of power in relation to hierarchy, socialism, indigeneity, Buddhism, marginalization, and political debates.

The case studies range in focus from intellectual property and religious freedom in Indonesia, understandings of socialism and village-state relations in Laos, changing interpersonal dynamics in fieldwork encounters in Thailand that span four decades to inclusiveness and pluralism in interethnic relations between hill and valley peoples across the region over millennia. The case studies are accompanied by an essay on the lasting value of comparative, regional, and historical perspectives on Southeast Asia. The essays challenge the mainstream focus on culture as meaning and instead situate cultural trends in history, function, and interpersonal negotiations.

Revisiting Ideas of Power in Southeast Asia will be valuable to researchers and students of Anthropology, Politics, Asian Studies, and International Relations and those interested in the history and geopolitics of Southeast Asia. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Anthropological Forum.

With over 70 exercises containing more than 270 questions, Interpreting Ecological Data: Exercises for Undergraduates allows students to apply ecological theory learned in classes to new, 'real' data from the scientific literature. Rather than simply rote learning word-perfect answers, students are empowered to apply their knowledge and develop critical thinking skills: core attributes for science undergraduates.

The book covers ecological principles such as predation, competition, mutualism, food webs and biogeochemical cycling. With numerous examples on each theme, students can gain plenty of practice across a wide range of topics, providing a solid foundation for their ecological knowledge and developing transferable skills in data interpretation. Almost all the exercises use 'real' data from published papers, sometimes messy and not always supporting the hypotheses they were designed to investigate-just like in real life! The answers are all included in the final chapter, with detailed explanations where relevant.

The exercises can also be used for assessment, enabling students to demonstrate their understanding, and lecturers can quickly convert them for use in lectures, workshops or assessments. Most importantly, Interpreting Ecological Data: Exercises for Undergraduates aims to stimulate student enthusiasm for ecology and what researchers actually do, starting an unexpected and exciting new journey.

Written by a scholar-practitioner with over four decades of experience, this book is an accessible introduction to land tenure and its implications for African development.

The book carries a clear warning: intensifying conflict over land across Africa is not the growing pains of a positive evolution in land tenure, but a problem that can only get worse without the state's recognition of customary tenure systems when undertaking tenure reform. The author reviews Africa's experience of evolution in customary land tenure and the often-difficult experience of the new nation in land tenure reform, including the failure to prevent further loss of land by rural populations and the unwitting contribution of some reform elements to that loss. The book has a broad reach across many countries in Africa and many different types of land, including farmland, pastures and rangelands, and forests. It is complemented by insights from a variety of disciplines to provide an accessible but nuanced introduction to a topic not well understood even in some development circles. While it focuses on Africa, the book is highly relevant to many countries of the developing world that have a common heritage of colonialism and dualistic systems of land tenure.

This book will be of great interest to students, scholars and practitioners wanting to understand the role of law and land tenure in African development.

Women Leading Sustainability: The Feminine Shift spotlights the remarkable contributions of women shaping the future.

Through over 50 personal interviews with women leading high-profile organisations, this book reveals emerging trends and highlights innovative strategies uniquely crafted by women. These trailblazing experts and pioneers in European Union policymaking are pushing the boundaries of sustainability, offering invaluable insights for a greener, fairer future beyond 2030. Their stories serve as powerful examples to inspire the next generation of young women pursuing careers in sustainability. This book showcases the effectiveness of their initiatives and the growing movement for change inspired by their actions.

Women Leading Sustainability: The Feminine Shift is an empowering resource designed to inspire and uplift current and future women leaders, as they work towards shaping a more sustainable world, offering powerful lessons to established changemakers and young men and women starting their sustainability careers. The seven strengths of 'the Feminine Shift' are at the heart of future leadership.

Focusing on a decade of controversy surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in China, this book provides a rigorous, mixed-method analysis of how risk discourses are constructed and disseminated on the social media platform Weibo.

This book uncovers the rich diversity of competing risk frames and reveals how digital platforms can democratize the negotiation of scientific uncertainty, yet also fragment public deliberation and discussion, leading to the reinforcement of new power dynamics and discursive inequalities. Breaking down the mechanisms behind the viral spread of GMO risk information, it examines how message features, contextual factors (e.g., source credibility), network structures, and social contagion processes shape what we believe and share. Ultimately, it will advance a deeper understanding of digital risk communication in increasingly platform-mediated societies.

It is an essential resource for science policymakers, risk communication professionals, and other stakeholders seeking to navigate the complexities of risk and uncertainty in the digital age.

Suffering and tragic situations have always been a part of human experience. This book features essays from varying philosophical views on responses to tragedy, suffering and evil.

Many conflicting strategies for addressing such situations have been proposed in response to such tragedies. Both Stoic acceptance and cathartic lament have been advocated. Embracing skepticism-especially religious skepticism-about the goodness of reality has been one response. While some religious adherents have responded with theodicy, others have claimed that theodicy trivializes the significance of tragedy. Anger, activism, fatalism, prayer, hope, mourning, patience, and simple silence have all been proposed as responses to the tragic. The chapters in this volume explore the patterns, habits, and beliefs that constitute virtuous responses to tragedy. Virtuous in this context refers to excellent character-both moral and intellectual character-in response to the tragic.

Virtuous Responses to Suffering, Tragedy, and Evil will appeal to researchers and graduate students working in virtue ethics, philosophy of religion, theology, and ancient philosophy.

Now in a fully revised and updated new edition, The Ethics of Sports Coaching examines the key ethical issues at the centre of sports coaching practice.

Arguing that the coaching process is inherently moral rather than simply instrumental, and that coaches must be fully aware of the ethical implications of their actions, the book adds an important dimension to our understanding of sports coaching and the relationship between coach and athlete. The book is structured around three interrelated themes that are central to an understanding of coaching from a moral point of view: the practice of coaching, the character of the coach, and the coaching environment. It explores a range of key themes in contemporary sports coaching, including gender, coaching young athletes, coaching in disability sport, performance enhancement, dangerous and violent sports, and expatriate coaching. This edition also has brand new material on topics including professional ethics, professional judgment, women coaches, and ambiguity in coaching. Combining powerful theoretical positions with clear insights into the everyday realities of sports coaching practice, this is an agenda-setting book.

It is essential reading for all students, researchers, and practitioners with an interest in sports coaching or the ethics and philosophy of sport.

Decolonising Research examines the effectiveness of Indigenous research methodologies for studying Africa while also examining their effectiveness for generating relevant knowledge and practical research outcomes for community/national problem-solving.

Considering theories of empowerment and social justice, researching Indigenous communities requires participatory and collaborative methodologies. This book fills research methodological gaps and offers a Sub-Saharan African lens to the research of South Sudan, Northern Uganda, Kenya/Somalia, Somaliland, Botswana, Nigeria and Ghana. It does this by identifying and discussing the "How," "What," and "Why" of these methodologies as they pertain to themes of indigeneity, silence, ethics, ceremony, botho, joking relationship, orality, divinations, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

This book includes contributions from early-career academics and academic practitioners who are all emerging as leading experts in their field. It will be of broader interest to postgraduate students, international agencies/personnel, governments, and policy-makers conducting ethnographic or contextual/participatory research and research implementation.

This handbook bridges a research and praxis gap, with contributions from both scholars and scholar-practitioners, to form an overview of communication scholarship in African contexts.

The anthology showcases how communication scholarship can converse with on-the-ground initiatives and activism on the African continent. Rather than attempting to provide one homogeneous picture of a diverse continent, the handbook highlights the need to embrace an African worldview, regional variations, diverse meta-theoretical perspectives, and contributions from different subfields in communication (e.g., organizational communication, mass communication, gender and communication, crisis communication, and health communication, among others). It addresses emerging and evolving issues in praxis such as digitalization and the role of technology, new forms of activism, and the Sustainable Development Goals.

This is an essential resource for advanced students and scholars in communication theory, international communication, African studies, and the various subfields of communication studies as they relate to the African context.

This interdisciplinary volume examines the longstanding and complex relations between Poland and Turkey from the 18th century to the present, exploring their cultural, diplomatic, political and economic dimensions.

Drawing on extensive archival research across Europe and the Middle East, it presents a polyphonic narrative that highlights both shared interests and moments of divergence between the two states. The book analyses key themes such as public and cultural diplomacy, transcultural identities, stateless diplomacy, economic cooperation and contemporary foreign policy. It traces how these relations evolved despite periods of geopolitical instability and asymmetries of power, offering new insights into Eastern European and Middle Eastern entanglements. By reassessing Polish-Turkish ties through a longue duree lens, the book contributes to current debates on EU-Turkey relations and the relevance of historical models of cooperation in shaping contemporary international engagements.

Rich in empirical material and combining historical, political and cultural analysis, the volume is essential reading for scholars and postgraduate students in international relations, Ottoman and East European history, political science and cultural diplomacy. Its fresh approach and innovative framework make it equally accessible to a broader audience, including policymakers, librarians and non-specialist readers interested in global history and regional connectivity.

This book offers a collection of articles examining connections between two transformative historical movements: the Russian Revolution and India's fight for independence from British colonial rule. Rather than traditional academic analyses, these articles capture the voice of the Communist leadership in India as they navigated the complex task of applying Marxist principles to India's unique colonial context. The book is divided into three parts and pertains to:

• Key concepts and figures, providing the reader insights into how Soviet revolutionary ideals were adapted, transformed, and implemented within India's freedom movement.
• Theoretical foundations through the independence struggle and into the post-colonial era of Soviet-Indian relations
• Reflections on the global order following the Soviet Union's dissolution.
• Historians, political scientists, and general readers to provide nuanced understanding of how revolutionary ideas travel across borders, adapt to local conditions, shaping liberation movements.
• Our understanding of 20th century anti-colonial struggles and the global impact of the Russian Revolution.

The book is aimed for students, researchers, policymakers, historians, journalists and anyone interested in socio-political movements shaping a globalised world.

This title has been co-published with Aakar Books. T&F does not sell or distrubute the print versions in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan, and Maldives.

Routledge Handbook of Social Cohesion in Africa explores the meaning of social cohesion in an African context, comparing and historicizing empirical findings from across the continent as well as prioritizing African knowledges in interrogating institutional actors and policy environments.

Social cohesion is closely associated with processes of peacebuilding and development, and many scholars and international institutions consider it a precondition, or necessary component, for the building of resilient collectives or institutions. However, the term remains vague and difficult to pin down, and it has been criticized as serving a pacifying and even anti-political function in certain contexts. There is an empirical gap when it comes to studying how the concept is approached in and for the African continent. Drawing on cutting-edge original research, this handbook addresses the empirical, intellectual, and pragmatic complexities and limitations, as well as affordances, of social cohesion and related concepts. Key theoretical contributions and case studies from across the continent are used to problematize a Western-centric approach to social cohesion and to bring in kindred African concepts, such as asabiyyah (North Africa), Gadaa (Ethiopia), and ubuntu (Southern Africa). The book considers how different institutional actors are measuring social cohesion in Africa and investigates selected state and non-state policies on social cohesion.

Based on critical, post-colonial thinking throughout, this book will be an important resource not only for policy-makers but also for researchers and academics working in African studies; sociology; politics; global development; queer and gender studies; and conflict, peace, and security studies.

Los Rusos tells the little-known story of the Russian diaspora in Southern California and Mexico. During the first half of the twentieth century thousands of Russians came to Mexico as refugees, spies, political exiles, and diplomats. These "rusos" included persecuted Russian sectarians who arrived in Los Angeles and migrated to Northern Baja in 1905-1906; Jews of the Soviet Union and Russian Empire who settled in Mexico City from the end of World War I, into the early 1930s, then after World War II; and Soviet communist activists with false passports and identities who came to Mexico after 1917 to foment revolution in Latin America and North America.

While relating the often-tragic experiences of these Russian immigrants, Andrew L. Jenks examines the processes by which they acquired new identities as they attempted to escape marginalization and persecution. The rusos struggled to adapt to a host society that sometimes embraced them and other times characterized them as a social and political threat. Los Rusos challenges the claim that migration from war and revolution was a tale of escape to freedom. The reality was often far more complex and involved human smuggling, indentured servitude, persecution by new host societies, and economic exploitation.

Sacred Ecology examines knowledge held by Indigenous peoples and local communities around the world, and asks how we can learn from this body of knowledge and practice. Berkes explores the importance of Indigenous ways of knowing as a complement to ecology and environmental science, and its cultural and political significance for traditional peoples themselves. With updates of relevant web links and over 300 new references, this fifth edition provides increased voice for Indigenous authors and contains much new material, including a new chapter.

This book presents diverse perspectives on issues faced by the Chinese minority in predominantly Malay Muslim Brunei, drawing together cutting-edge research from early career, Brunei Chinese academics themselves to present a truly groundbreaking volume.

As a result of strict immigration rules and citizenship requirements following Brunei's independence in 1984, the population of ethnically Chinese residents in the country has declined consistently. Despite this, the Chinese community are significant in the region, playing a pivotal role through their sizeable socioeconomic contributions. Chapters shed light on a broad range of issues and challenges faced by the Chinese community in Brunei, from adaptation in wider society and struggles around ethnic identity and belonging, to loss of dialect, language, religious freedom, and the ongoing pressures around assimilation. Though the volume naturally focuses in depth on the Chinese experience in Brunei, the book relates the themes explored to broader international contexts where ethnic minorities are present, drawing parallels and reinforcing the global relevance of the book.

This book will be of interest to scholars, researchers, and postgraduate students in the fields of Southeast Asian culture and society, diaspora studies, and race and ethnic studies more broadly.

Civil Society Responses to Extremism in the Philippine Bangsamoro brings together new research and grounded perspectives from scholars and practitioners working in Mindanao to examine how violent and hateful extremism (VHE) takes root, and how it is being addressed.

By adopting an expanded definition of violent extremism that encompasses hate speech and other forms of hate, the book analyzes the interconnectedness of various dimensions of conflict and social harm with violent extremism, and explores the community development strategies that might counter them effectively. Organized into three key themes, the book first examines the historical, political, and multidisciplinary aspects of extremism, emphasizing the importance of collaboration among stakeholders and the impact of political structures on local peacebuilding efforts. The second theme explores the strategies and empowerment initiatives of CSOs, highlighting empowerment of women, youth, and former combatants to foster peace and security. It then delves into context-specific responses and localized practices, showcasing tailored approaches that address the unique socio-political landscape of Mindanao. Finally, the study addresses academic and practice-oriented perspectives, integrating theoretical insights with practical applications to provide a well-rounded analysis of development responses to extremism.

Supporting those on the ground to understand and support locally led peace and resilience building in the Bangsamoro and other conflict-affected regions, this volume will be of use to scholars, researchers, and postgraduate students in the fields of peace and resilience studies, conflict studies, Asian politics, and Southeast Asian studies.

Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Laos provides a comprehensive introduction to the Lao People's Democratic Republic's recent development and transformation.

The handbook showcases state-of-the-field interdisciplinary research across six themes: The Basics, The Populace, Political Economy, Resources, International and Challenges. Individual chapters provide specialist and non-specialist readers with a rigorous overview of 32 fundamental topics in Lao Studies, from 'The Party: Lao People's Revolutionary Party', 'Inter-Ethnic Relations' and 'Decision Making', to 'Land', 'Lao Foreign Policy' and 'Gender.' Marking the 50th anniversary of the country's landmark revolution of 1975, the handbook explores the contested achievements of socialist rule under the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), examines the political, economic and environmental impact of the LPRP's resource intensive strategies for growth and development, and considers the benefits and challenges of Laos's evolving geo-political and geo-economic relations with China, Vietnam, Thailand and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). While focusing on contemporary Laos, the chapters are rooted in a clear understanding of how present-day issues have emerged from Laos's extraordinary history, spanning pre-colonial Buddhist kingdoms, French colonialism, royalist nationalism and socialist revolution.

Bringing together a purposely diverse collection of scholars, each an established or emerging authority in their own sub-field, the timely study takes stock of the country's development and considers what the next phase in the country's history might hold.

Ideas, practices, and human priorities: culture in the unstable environment of the early Caribbean colonies.

Early French colonization in the Caribbean from the 1620s to circa 1730 brought great demographic, economic, and agricultural changes, with settlers introducing crops, animals, and new forms of labor into ecosystems that imposed their own limitations. In these settlements, ideas and practices concerning the environment, ranging from the preparation of food and drink to medical treatments, drew on European and non-European knowledge. Yet social, gender, and linguistic barriers were among the restrictions to what colonial populations knew about Caribbean ecosystems. Descriptions and illustrations of animals and plants could fascinate Europeans, despite giving only partial insight into the Caribbean environment. Colonial practices such as feasting distinguished culture from wilderness, and people from one another; in an environment in which cultivation signified culture, the plantations were ultimately an unstable model in ecological and social terms.

Drawing on a wide range of source material, including manuscript treatises and correspondence, natural histories, engravings, and missionary texts, Michael Harrigan explores how people interacted within their environment during early French colonization in the Caribbean. Examining the ways in which colonial culture and the environment were intertwined, this book explores how relationships between colonial populations were reflected in their environment and in the landscape itself. It shows that distinctly human preoccupations determined cultural forms, which were in turn shaped by the contingencies of early settlement. Knowledge of Caribbean ecosystems, Harrigan contends, could constitute a powerful body of techniques while being fragmented and driven by approaches to the environment focused on human priorities.

In Colonial Negatives, Patricia Goldsworthy examines the intertwined histories of French, Moroccan Muslim, and Moroccan Jewish photographers in establishing a photography industry in Morocco. She demonstrates how photography in Morocco became linked to French imperialism when Sultan 'Abd al-'Aziz hired French cinematographer Gabriel Veyre as his private photography instructor. 'Abd al-'Aziz saw photography as a tool of political power and control useful in asserting his authority. For the French, photography was a way to control the international perception of their interventions in Morocco. But throughout the colonial era, photography upheld, questioned, and contradicted stereotypes about Moroccan history and society, shaping debates over conquest and rule. Images of colonial violence demonstrated the oppressive nature of French pacification and were used to oppose colonialism. Moroccan Jews established their own studios and captured images depicting historical events overlooked by European photographers. Finally, Colonial Negatives addresses the post-independence reappropriation of colonial imagery and colonial tropes to demonstrate the ongoing role and importance of photography in interpreting and reclaiming Moroccan history.