Paul Preston's The Coming of the Spanish Civil War is widely regarded as a classic account of the collapse of democracy in Spain and the and outbreak of the civil war. In a narrative that paints a picture of picture of a deeply divided country, he coherently and excitingly outlines the social and economic background to the conflict. Explaining Spain's predicament as a predominantly poor, agricultural country riven by economic inequality, Preston deftly shows how the Republican-Socialist coalition's attempts to reform Spain in the early 1930s were continually undermined and thwarted by right-wing parties and factions. The incompatible interests represented by these two mass parliamentary parties - those of the landless labourers and big landlords, of industrialists and workers - spilled over into conflict which could not be contained within the parliamentary arena, leading ultimately to the outbreak of conflict in 1936.

Drawing on archives, diaries and letters of major protagonists, The Coming of the Spanish Civil War remains the definitive account of a conflict whose legacy is still being confronted in Spain today.

This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Preface by the author, in which he reflects on how the book came to be written.

Analysing the mechanisms that led to the formation of early state forms, this book defines the role of gifts, religious belief systems, prestige, and reciprocity within segmentary and chiefdom societies in East and Northern Europe.

Volume II explores the concept and the idea of memory, commemoration, and material culture related to the power of memory and functioning of medieval state observed in sources. This book discusses how gift and elite exchange gained significant importance over the early and high middle ages and encompassed, at the level of symbolic communication, the Christian perspective on power rituals as well as the sacred dimension of its legitimisation and manifestation.

This book provides an interdisciplinary study of medieval elites, Saints, and Kings through material culture and memory across medieval Poland, Hungary, Scandinavia, Bohemia and Rus'. An ideal resource for students of medieval East Central and Northern Europe, medieval material culture, and memory more broadly.

Finding Treblinka challenges the long-held belief that Treblinka, the second-deadliest extermination camp operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland, was completely destroyed. Even though Nazis demolished buildings, exhumed and burned victims' bodies, and planted trees to obscure the site, Caroline Sturdy Colls uncovers what still lies beneath the surface and what this material evidence reveals about the camp's operations, evolution, and afterlife.

Sturdy Colls combines archival insight through newly uncovered and unpublished documents, photographs, maps, and testimonies with the first non-invasive archaeological surveys and excavations ever conducted at Treblinka. Developed in accordance with Jewish burial law (Halacha), her methods allow for ethical access to Holocaust landscapes long considered off limits to archaeologists and offer powerful material counterpoint to the myth of Treblinka's disappearance.

Sturdy Colls not only demonstrates that traces of atrocity continue to shape how we remember and understand the Holocaust, but also how archaeology can confront absence with presence, silence with proof. Finding Treblinka reveals how genocide inscribes itself into the land, and how, with the right tools, we can still read it.

Readers shouldn't need to struggle to understand documents. Whether they are reading a form to request government services, a contract for a mobile phone plan, or a patient information leaflet for prescription medication, people deserve to understand the documents that they read. Social justice, risk management, and a desire to extend the reach of the message are driving the fast-growing demand for plain language documents, and translators are well placed to help meet this demand. Written by an experienced translator and translation educator, Plain Language for Translators responds to the need for an accessible introduction to the main issues involved in designing, developing, and evaluating plain language documents in communicative settings such as government, legal, health, and science communication. It details the benefits of providing plain language documents and explains how translators' skills can be transferred to plain language writing.

This book provides practical guidance on implementing and evaluating the plain language principles of relevance, findability, understandability, and usability, as well as information about pertinent tools. Closely related concepts such as document design, inclusive language, easy language, and controlled language are also explored.

Each chapter includes key questions, discussion topics, activities, and suggestions for further reading - all designed to empower translators to develop the skills needed to work as plain language practitioners.

Utilising primary sources in Russian archives, relevant research on Russian and Soviet history and memoirs from contemporaries, this book examines the life of Grigory Zinoviev (1883-1936).

Grigory Zinoviev was Vladimir Lenin's closest political companion in the decade before the Russian Revolution in 1917. After the revolution, Zinoviev became one of the foremost leaders of the new Soviet state. For several years, he was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was the party leader in Petrograd/Leningrad (St. Petersburg), and he was the president of the Communist International. However, he lost the power struggle with Joseph Stalin and ended up as the most prominent defendant at the first Moscow trial, where he was sentenced to death and executed. This book provides for the first time a complete presentation in English of the life and work of this important politician. This volume presents Zinoviev's life as a politician, as well as his private life and seeks to bring new knowledge both about Zinoviev himself and more generally about Russian and Soviet history during Zinoviev's lifetime.

This volume is perfect for students and scholars alike interested in the history of Russia, the Soviet Union and the history of communism.

This book offers a comprehensive overview of how culture, science, technology and academic activity functioned as instruments of cultural diplomacy and soft power in Spain, Portugal and Greece during the interwar and Cold War periods.

Cultural Diplomacy in Southern Europe is particularly timely due to the growing academic focus on the role of culture and science as relevant actors in countries' diplomatic strategies, even as the current geopolitical climate appears to be altering the roles of traditional international actors. The idea of a common Europe as an area of freedom and progress has been founded on Europe's reputation as a centre of culture and knowledge. At a time when social tensions are fuelling attempts to redefine the European identity, this book explores the potential at both the national and international levels for science and culture to serve as political tools, drivers of economic and social modernisation and sources of power.

This volume will interest scholars and students of the History of Cultural and Scientific Diplomacy, 20th-Century European History and International Relations.

Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA) license.

Drawing on extensive archival research at the UK National Archives, this volume examines how "London" (primarily British diplomats in Spain and officials at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office) perceived the radical Basque nationalist group ETA's campaign of violence from 1968 to 1993.

In the summer of 1968, reports of the killing of a Spanish Guardia Civil officer by the then little-known ETA appeared in British diplomatic despatches. Over the next five decades, ETA would claim more than 850 lives. All the while, UK diplomats and officials gathered information and analysed ETA within the constantly changing, tumultuous sociopolitical context of Spain's transition from dictatorship to democracy. This book offers a rare external perspective on what London often referred to as the "Basque problem", while also shedding light on the relationship between ETA and the IRA, and the joint efforts by Madrid and London to confront their shared threat.

ETA and the "Basque Problem" will appeal to students and scholars of Basque nationalism, contemporary Spanish history and terrorism studies.

Over the last two decades German political history has changed fundamentally. It has reinvented itself as cultural history and sought to apply symbolic, linguistic, and praxeological approaches.

This book brings for the first time in English, Thomas Mergel's inquiries into the history of democracy in Germany, with comparative perspective across the 19th and 20th centuries, while offering frequent sideways glances at its Western European and American neighbors. Politics is highlighted as a social and symbolic practice; the body, language, symbolism, and routine action are examined as factors that let politics emerge as a process of communication.

The contributions in this volume have been written over the past 25 years, with two previously unpublished chapters. They are intended to make the largely German discussion more visible on an international level and to show the application of theoretical concepts. By concentrating on parliamentary politics, parties, and elections, the book not only studies political practices and forms of communication but also deciphers political mentalities in order to historicize "democracy" as a political concept. Against the background of the German experience during the 20th century, the democratic culture of the Weimar Republic occupies a special place.

1903 was a seminal but overlooked year in the development of the United States. Through an analytical narrative of 31 historic events, this book examines how these 12 months would prefigure and shape significant transformation in the U.S.A. for over a century to come.

In the late nineteenth century, America emerged as an increasingly urbanized and industrialized society connected to an informal global empire. Americans struggled with the fears and divisive issues that were manifestations of the great economic, social, and cultural changes impacting the country. To meet the challenges of change in a quest for defining America's post-Civil War identity, the American people pursued ideas and promoted movements aimed at creating reform, unity, order, and prosperity. This volume identifies 1903 as a vital moment for capturing America's pulse as it encountered modernity, exploring the context and consequences of key events including the first successful manned flight in a motorized heavier-than-air machine, the first around-the-world telegraph communication, the first transcontinental automobile trip, the founding of the Ford Motor Company, the nation's first lone-gunman random mass shooting, the first blockbuster movie, and America's acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone.

Providing engaging reading for students and scholars of the emergence of Modern America and the Progressive Era, Transforming America in 1903 presents an in-depth depiction of a groundbreaking year.

This account of the National Army during the Irish civil war tells its story from the divides created in the Republican movement by the Anglo-Irish Treaty to the development of a new military organisation capable of upholding the Treaty provisions and facilitating the establishment of a new state.

The National Army is largely overlooked in modern studies of both the Irish Defence Forces and the IRA. Its brief two-year existence helped lay the foundation of a new Irish state, but its broader legacy has been shrouded in generalities and controversy. Through a detailed analysis of its formation, structures, recruitment profile and operational capabilities, the book seeks to shed light on areas previously overlooked including Free State military casualties, the process of mass recruitment and the wider role of the military within the new Irish Free State.

This book is aimed at academic historians, postgraduates, undergraduates, local historians and those with an interest in military history and the wider Irish Revolutionary period. As the National Army was recruited from an all-island basis, it will also have popular appeal to readers across Ireland and throughout the Irish diaspora.

Violence and Lies examines the relationship between violence and deception, from the Conquest of the Americas to the ongoing climate crisis. It revisits major historical turning points - including European colonialism in Africa, the Holocaust, 9/11 and the War on Terror, and the Rape of Nanjing - through the lens of lies and deception.

The book not only challenges traditional interpretations by offering fresh insights and categorising various forms of deception but also advances a theory of power. Existing theories have often overlooked or downplayed the role of lies and deception, placing disproportionate emphasis on violence, ideology, and other non-violent means. Deception has frequently been treated as secondary - an anecdotal companion to violence rather than a force in its own right. Posocco argues that lies and deception are as significant as violence, and that they remain insufficiently theorised and categorised. By illuminating overlooked aspects of historical and modern power struggles, this book invites readers to critically reassess conventional narratives about domination.

A valuable resource for students and scholars of political science, sociology, global history, and the history of power, Violence and Lies also appeals more broadly to readers interested in contemporary global issues.

Christian Thought: A Historical Introduction offers a clear and engaging overview of the major ideas, figures, and movements that have shaped Christian theology from the early Church to the present day. Now in its third edition, this accessible and engaging book introduces readers to the historical development of Christian thought, emphasizing how theology has been shaped by-and has responded to-changing cultural, philosophical, and political contexts.

This new edition features expanded coverage of Eastern Orthodoxy, the Reformation beyond Calvin, and the global expressions of Christianity that have come to the fore in recent decades. It also offers greater attention to the theological contributions of women and includes updated chapters on the Bible and the Trinity. Supplementary visuals help contextualize the material, making this an excellent resource for both classroom use and personal study.

Written in clear, student-friendly language and assuming no prior background in theology, Christian Thought is both intellectually serious and widely accessible. Readers will be guided through the rich and complex journey of Christian ideas, and understand why they continue to matter today.

Autoethnography: A Case for the Defence presents a thoughtful and compelling exploration of autoethnography as a research methodology, addressing the growing wave of academic, analytical and ethical critiques that accompany its rising prominence. Rather than simply outlining the foundations and rationale behind autoethnography, this text takes a distinctive stance by advocating for and defending the methodology in response to the evolving discourse around its validity. It provides deeper insight and practical guidance for those interested in pursuing or better understanding qualitative research methods. Grounded in robust research and interwoven with references to influential autoethnographic works, the book establishes a strong scholarly framework, reinforcing the credibility of autoethnography as a valuable methodological tool. Through engaging, accessible prose, the author confronts criticisms head-on, offering clear explanations and vivid examples that underscore autoethnography's vital role in examining and interpreting complex and broad social phenomena. This book is designed for students, academics and researchers interested in autoethnography, qualitative inquiry and broader research methodologies.

Writing Phenomenological Research is your definitive guide to mastering phenomenological study design and execution. Tailored specifically for postgraduate researchers and scholars, this essential resource empowers you with the knowledge and tools necessary to write a compelling phenomenological research paper or dissertation. This book presents a clear, step-by-step approach that demystifies the complexities of phenomenological research.

Each of the seven chapters delves into crucial elements, from identifying literature gaps and formulating problem statements to crafting precise research questions and conducting data analysis. The author emphasizes the critical role of wording, providing practical examples and resources that set phenomenological research apart from other qualitative methods.

Designed to help you avoid common pitfalls, Writing Phenomenological Research equips doctoral candidates and scholars with a comprehensive checklist for solidifying their research design. With its focus on clarity and actionable guidance, this book is an indispensable addition to any research methods library, ensuring you can confidently navigate the intricacies of phenomenological studies and produce impactful academic work.

Research Methods in Information Technology and Information Systems aims to equip researchers with the knowledge needed for navigating the complex dynamics of research methods specifically tailored to the Information Systems domain.

The influence of digital technologies, innovation, and novel processes, coupled with the exponential growth of data, has reshaped the way researchers approach their inquiries and investigations in this field. In this digital era, the traditional boundaries of research methodologies are constantly being redefined, necessitating an exploration of innovative research in IS. This book explores how digital transformation is revolutionizing the research landscape, offering a comprehensive examination of the evolving methodologies and techniques that researchers must adapt to produce-high quality research in the IS field. From data collection and analysis to experimental design and qualitative inquiry, each chapter provides invaluable insights into the unique challenges and opportunities faced by researchers in IS and will prove useful for both students using quantitative and qualitative research in the digital sphere and researchers alike.

Designed to equip students with the skills needed to develop, execute, and analyze research projects, this book serves as an indispensable resource in academic settings. However, its practical insights and thorough coverage of contemporary research techniques also make it a valuable tool for IT practitioners seeking to enhance their knowledge base and refine their investigative skills. Additionally, educators will find this book to be a beneficial reference for staying updated with the latest research methodologies and trends in IT, facilitating their own professional development and improving their teaching practices.

An insightful, wide-ranging analysis of the economic hurdles facing America's higher education system.

The US higher education sector faces numerous economic challenges, including the stagnating number of college-age domestic students, geographic mismatch between population growth and the location of colleges and universities, financial pressures, including cutbacks in government support, growing student debt burdens, sticker prices that deter prospective applicants, and the risk of low capital market returns on endowment portfolios. This volume analyzes the responses of students, families, and the financial managers of higher education institutions to these challenges. It presents new insights into the substantial disparities in the financial structure of, and the financial challenges facing, different types of institutions. The volume draws together contributions from financial economics, public finance, and industrial organization, as well as the economics of education.

The Birth of Language traces the gradual evolution of human language over two million years, uncovering the intricate interplay between biological adaptations and cultural innovations. It distinguishes language from speech showing how both emerged as distinct, yet intertwined processes shaped by specialized brain networks. The book engages with the ongoing scholarly debate on language origins, examining the roles of brain architecture, social cohesion, group dynamics, and fundamental behaviors such as toolmaking.

Drawing on the latest genetic research, as well as groundbreaking neurobiological discoveries, it reveals how our linguistic abilities mirror broader cognitive advances in human evolution. Evidence-based insights are woven seamlessly into a rich narrative of humanity's intertwined cultural and biological history.

Essential reading for anyone intrigued by the origins of language, The Birth of Language offers valuable perspectives for readers in psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology-bridging disciplines to tell the compelling story of our species' most defining trait.

More than two hundred and fifty years after the revolution began, Fire and Freedom invites readers to rediscover America's journey to independence. Showcasing New York's central role in the revolution, Fire and Freedom highlights the stories of people and events previously hidden from popular view, unveiling a new vision of this famous narrative.

Many of the revolution's key moments can be traced to New York: city crowds rioted against colonial taxation and George Washington spent one-third of the war in and around the soon-to-be "Empire State." Beyond these well-known players and moments, however, lies a trove of new information on New York's hidden revolutionary stories.

With a foreword by acclaimed historian Russell Shorto and seven fascinating chapters on a range of subjects, we see that events off the battlefield-a strategic retreat, a destructive fire, and displays of independence-were just as meaningful as the fighting itself. State power and politics redefined conceptions of loyalty and allegiance. The resistance and agency of Indigenous and enslaved populations shaped New York's postwar era.

These diverse stories are tied together by the defining war, but they stretch far beyond its confines and even further beyond our common understandings. By providing a more comprehensive look into New York's influence on the era, the contributors to this book expand and evolve the meaning and significance of the revolution. Exciting and insightful, Fire and Freedom is a must-read addition to the great revolutionary saga.