How medieval English towns built, sustained, and reimagined the lifelines of urban life.

In the bustling market towns and growing cities of medieval England between 1200 and 1600, public works were the lifelines of urban society. In Urban Infrastructure in Medieval England, Roberta J. Magnusson offers the first comprehensive study of how medieval towns built, financed, and sustained their defenses, bridges, streets, water systems, and harbors.

Magnusson reveals how even modest communities, like the Warwickshire town of Atherstone, boldly pursued projects that reshaped their futures. Grants of tolls and taxes funded paving initiatives, bridge repairs, and fortified walls, while enterprising lords and abbots sponsored sluices, conduits, and quays. These efforts were not confined to England's great cities; small towns with limited means also sought to enhance their competitive edge, even when such investments strained their resources. Drawing on royal records, municipal archives, and archaeological evidence, Magnusson situates these civic undertakings in their broader social and environmental contexts. She shows how townsmen adapted traditional obligations of labor and charity alongside innovative fiscal tools to sustain projects that could span generations. Yet the balance was fragile. The crises of the fourteenth century-famine, plague, and the harsher climate of the Little Ice Age-undermined local resources, leaving many communities to struggle with maintenance or watch their infrastructures decline.

At once a history of engineering, economy, and community, this study illuminates how medieval people conceived of security, health, and prosperity through the material fabric of their towns. By tracing the rise, transformation, and survival of these infrastructures, Magnusson demonstrates how urban communities navigated centuries of change while shaping the very landscapes in which they lived.

Exploring the evolution of adventure tourism in Russia from imperial times to the present, this book highlights the distinctive features of Soviet non-commercial trekking, boating, climbing and skiing expeditions organised by urbanites during their annual vacations.

This study, based on archival and other contemporary sources, and interviews with key leaders of the Soviet outdoor community, also benefits from the unique personal perspective of the author who led numerous expeditions across Soviet wilderness. This book discusses the uneasy symbiotic relationship between tourist self-administration and the state bureaucracy that attempted to impose its own programme on outdoor enthusiasts; the culture of Soviet adventure tourism, including its distinctly militaristic flavour; the social, ethnic, and gender composition of tourist teams; and a host of problems, unfamiliar to Western adventurers, encountered and solved along the thorny path to the trailhead. This book analyses the temporary micro-socialities created by Soviet tourists, exposing the values that flourished outside of state control.

Outdoor Adventures in the Soviet Union and the Post-Soviet Space will be a useful resource to scholars of authoritarianism, especially those studying the latter in the context of cultural and sports history as well as for graduate students taking courses on cultural or social history.

This book explores the many types of medieval murder and many types of medieval murderers, from men killing other men in anger, envy or revenge, to women killing their husbands or their infants, from plotters assassinating their rulers to Christian mobs massacring Jews.

Over six chapters, this book discusses the interpretation and debates surrounding murder. It analyses murder in the frame of Christian theology, the development of medieval law and its distinctions among other types and causes of homicide. It also looks into the links around gender and murder, analysing why men predominate in murder and so few women commit it during the medieval period. This book also looks at political assassinations and the variety and evolution of punishment for homicide. Finally, it compares and contrasts fictional narration of homicide in two literary masterpieces to those in saints' lives and miracle stories.

Medieval Murder: A History, 1300-1500 will appeal to students and scholars alike interested in medieval law, politics, society, theology and literature, as well as all those interested in medieval history in general.

Finding Treblinka challenges the long-held belief that Treblinka, the second-deadliest extermination camp operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland, was completely destroyed. Even though Nazis demolished buildings, exhumed and burned victims' bodies, and planted trees to obscure the site, Caroline Sturdy Colls uncovers what still lies beneath the surface and what this material evidence reveals about the camp's operations, evolution, and afterlife.

Sturdy Colls combines archival insight through newly uncovered and unpublished documents, photographs, maps, and testimonies with the first non-invasive archaeological surveys and excavations ever conducted at Treblinka. Developed in accordance with Jewish burial law (Halacha), her methods allow for ethical access to Holocaust landscapes long considered off limits to archaeologists and offer powerful material counterpoint to the myth of Treblinka's disappearance.

Sturdy Colls not only demonstrates that traces of atrocity continue to shape how we remember and understand the Holocaust, but also how archaeology can confront absence with presence, silence with proof. Finding Treblinka reveals how genocide inscribes itself into the land, and how, with the right tools, we can still read it.

Godless Polemics examines the role of pamphleteering as a medium for radical critique in the intellectual and cultural history of American atheism, focusing on its function as oppositional and counter-hegemonic discourse. It investigates how atheist pamphleteers, operating from the margins of public discourse, have challenged overt and covert religious influence on public and private life by producing and disseminating polemical texts that intervene in ongoing cultural, social, and political debates. The author argues that atheist pamphleteers have historically functioned as both critics of religious authority and proponents of intersectional struggles against social, political, and cultural power structures. Drawing on Pierre-Heli Monot's concept of the "pamphletary event," the book examines how these texts did more than articulate atheist positions-they actively shaped public debates, contested dominant narratives, and introduced a tradition of radical anti-religious dissent into American progressivism. By analyzing key pamphleteers from the nineteenth century to contemporary digital activists, this book redefines the role of pamphleteering in the history of unbelief in the United States, highlighting its vital role in introducing affirmative atheist ideas in emancipatory contexts. It will be of particular interest to scholars of religious studies and American studies.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Readers shouldn't need to struggle to understand documents. Whether they are reading a form to request government services, a contract for a mobile phone plan, or a patient information leaflet for prescription medication, people deserve to understand the documents that they read. Social justice, risk management, and a desire to extend the reach of the message are driving the fast-growing demand for plain language documents, and translators are well placed to help meet this demand. Written by an experienced translator and translation educator, Plain Language for Translators responds to the need for an accessible introduction to the main issues involved in designing, developing, and evaluating plain language documents in communicative settings such as government, legal, health, and science communication. It details the benefits of providing plain language documents and explains how translators' skills can be transferred to plain language writing.

This book provides practical guidance on implementing and evaluating the plain language principles of relevance, findability, understandability, and usability, as well as information about pertinent tools. Closely related concepts such as document design, inclusive language, easy language, and controlled language are also explored.

Each chapter includes key questions, discussion topics, activities, and suggestions for further reading - all designed to empower translators to develop the skills needed to work as plain language practitioners.

Utilising primary sources in Russian archives, relevant research on Russian and Soviet history and memoirs from contemporaries, this book examines the life of Grigory Zinoviev (1883-1936).

Grigory Zinoviev was Vladimir Lenin's closest political companion in the decade before the Russian Revolution in 1917. After the revolution, Zinoviev became one of the foremost leaders of the new Soviet state. For several years, he was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was the party leader in Petrograd/Leningrad (St. Petersburg), and he was the president of the Communist International. However, he lost the power struggle with Joseph Stalin and ended up as the most prominent defendant at the first Moscow trial, where he was sentenced to death and executed. This book provides for the first time a complete presentation in English of the life and work of this important politician. This volume presents Zinoviev's life as a politician, as well as his private life and seeks to bring new knowledge both about Zinoviev himself and more generally about Russian and Soviet history during Zinoviev's lifetime.

This volume is perfect for students and scholars alike interested in the history of Russia, the Soviet Union and the history of communism.

This book offers a comprehensive overview of how culture, science, technology and academic activity functioned as instruments of cultural diplomacy and soft power in Spain, Portugal and Greece during the interwar and Cold War periods.

Cultural Diplomacy in Southern Europe is particularly timely due to the growing academic focus on the role of culture and science as relevant actors in countries' diplomatic strategies, even as the current geopolitical climate appears to be altering the roles of traditional international actors. The idea of a common Europe as an area of freedom and progress has been founded on Europe's reputation as a centre of culture and knowledge. At a time when social tensions are fuelling attempts to redefine the European identity, this book explores the potential at both the national and international levels for science and culture to serve as political tools, drivers of economic and social modernisation and sources of power.

This volume will interest scholars and students of the History of Cultural and Scientific Diplomacy, 20th-Century European History and International Relations.

Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA) license.

Drawing on extensive archival research at the UK National Archives, this volume examines how "London" (primarily British diplomats in Spain and officials at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office) perceived the radical Basque nationalist group ETA's campaign of violence from 1968 to 1993.

In the summer of 1968, reports of the killing of a Spanish Guardia Civil officer by the then little-known ETA appeared in British diplomatic despatches. Over the next five decades, ETA would claim more than 850 lives. All the while, UK diplomats and officials gathered information and analysed ETA within the constantly changing, tumultuous sociopolitical context of Spain's transition from dictatorship to democracy. This book offers a rare external perspective on what London often referred to as the "Basque problem", while also shedding light on the relationship between ETA and the IRA, and the joint efforts by Madrid and London to confront their shared threat.

ETA and the "Basque Problem" will appeal to students and scholars of Basque nationalism, contemporary Spanish history and terrorism studies.

This revised edition of Heinz Kohut and the Psychology of the Self offers a clear, detailed explanation of self psychology theory, as it was written by Heinz Kohut.

A founder of the Self Psychology movement in America, Kohut based his practice on the belief that narcissistic vulnerabilities play a significant part in the suffering that brings people for treatment. The authors analyze Kohut's work and writing, using examples from their own practice to show how Kohut's innovative theories can be applied. This new edition makes the case that today's learners will still benefit from a close study of Kohut's primary documents and argues that his ideas remain foundational for modern clinical work and for understanding the underpinnings of contemporary theories. It offers a discussion of shifting theoretical contexts, from when Kohut first wrote to when the first edition was written, and to now. In a new preface, the co-authors introduce themselves and delineate their two distinct vantage points, distinguished by their difference in age and experience, gender, training milieu, etc. Collaboratively, they bring a valuable dynamic perspective to Kohut's original material. Another new chapter, deeply influenced by Kohut's teachings, represents a contemporary view about Clinical Listening.

This revised edition is intended for students and practitioners at any level of practice who are interested in a deeper understanding of Kohut's ideas.

This informative and accessible text invites readers to engage with the latest developments and debates in the field of infant and family mental health and wellbeing from a multi-disciplinary perspective.

Bringing together a rich collection of knowledge and experience, unique insights are provided into aspects of family life, from attachment, attunement and bonding to therapeutic interventions and compassion. Each chapter shines a light on the importance of respectful early interventions and provides ethical and evidence-based strategies to promote healthy development and to empower parents and caregivers to support their child's (and their own) emotional and psychological needs. Spotlights on research and practice, reflective questions and case studies weave throughout to further consolidate knowledge and to bring theory to life.

Critically reflecting on current policy and practice, this book advocates for an inclusive approach and underscores the significance of early experiences in shaping a child's mental health and overall development. It will be key reading for early childhood students, educators, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in supporting families during the crucial early years.

This groundbreaking work specifically focuses on attention impairments of the dementias to improve both early recognition of dementia and clinical diagnosis, as well as interventions and care.

Unlike the majority of research that focuses on memory dysfunction, this volume examines the significant evidence supporting the existence of many types of attention-related changes/abnormalities at the early stages of the disease and throughout its progression. This book provides a brief overview of attention and its different types and then explores what happens when these various aspects of attention become dysfunctional. It considers how attentional dysfunction is associated with various aetiologies of dementia and how attentional change is experienced by people living with dementia and the impact this has upon everyday life and diagnosis. This book also examines how attentional function is measured clinically and discusses the existing dichotomy between research evidence and clinical practice. It finally considers how limitations in the public's general understanding of attention contribute to attention dysfunction being rarely reported as an early sign of dementia.

With both scientific and clinical relevance, this book is essential for clinicians and researchers in ageing and dementia as well as for students of neuropsychology/neurocognition, medicine, and health and social care.

This book examines how elite literary authors conceived of the relationship between health and lifestyle in the Graeco-Roman world.

Through careful analysis of a wide range of ancient literary sources, provided in both the original Greek and Latin and in English translation, the book explores what Graeco-Roman authors thought about how lifestyle could contribute to a person's healthiness or unhealthiness. It begins by looking at Graeco-Roman concepts of health and lifestyle from the Homeric poems to the Hippocratic Corpus before examining the medical regulation of lifestyle for health purposes, the nature of people's healthy daily lifestyle habits, the various moral perspectives held by people in antiquity about health and lifestyle, and the influence of circumstances in determining whether people can live a healthy or unhealthy lifestyle.

Health, Lifestyle, and Elite Culture in Greek and Roman Times is a richly documented study suitable for students and scholars of health and medicine in antiquity. It is also of interest to people studying or researching the history of health and medicine and all those interested in the classical world generally.

Portraits of Italian mercenary captains (condottieri) constitute a representative part of the earliest 15th-century Renaissance medals. This book discusses their functions, significance and artistic issues, as well as the goals sought by patrons and their advisers through this medium.

Why were military leaders particularly interested in having medals made? Was it mere vanity, a form of propaganda, or rather a desire to commemorate their deeds? The first step to answer these questions was to catalogue the 15th-century condottieri medals, date them, analyse their iconographic and literary content, and resolve their political and personal significance. A further step was to find their common features, themes and qualities, both in relation to the group and more broadly. Medals have for a long time occupied in art-historical studies a place similar to where they are often found in museum exhibitions - the side rooms, on the margins of great collections. The present book constitutes one of just a few scholarly discussions devoted to a group of specific medals treated as the main object of study.

This book will be appreciated by scholars and enthusiasts of Renaissance art and early modern political history, as well as those interested in medallic art in general, including professionals and private collectors.

Real Lives in the Eighteenth Century presents a global history using four sets of biographies to illustrate corresponding situations in different geographical regions.

Loosely based on Plutarch's Parallel Lives, the four chapters focus on maritime trade, letters, empire, and revolution. The vibrant narratives that span four continents include the following pairs: Tupaia (c. 1725-1770) and Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745-1797), seafarers of the Pacific and Atlantic; Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784) and Ho Xuan Huong (c. 1772-c.1822), poets of revolution; Marie Antoinette (1745-1792) and Catherine the Great (1729-1796), princesses at foreign courts; and Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru (c. 1742-1781) and Toussaint Louverture (c. 1743-1803), leaders of revolutions. As a global history, this volume of Real Lives goes beyond European perceptions of enlightenment and revolution to cover political upheaval in five regions: America, France, Haiti, Peru, and Vietnam. It explores key concepts such as freedom, knowledge, and trade in relation to the bondage and exploitation that accompanied the expansion of world empires and international trade systems. This volume takes the indomitable human spirit as its guiding theme. With dramatic stories of triumph, defeat, and unimaginable survival, Real Lives in the Eighteenth Century immerses readers in the fascinating, inspiring, and often tragic aspects of life in the eighteenth century.

Accessibly written and containing timelines, questions to consider, and illustrations for each biography, Real Lives in the Eighteenth Century is a captivating read for those interested in the period, and provides an ideal introductory text for undergraduate students of world history and the Age of Revolutions.

In the 1930s, activists with France's Popular Front mobilized culture against fascism. Examining music, theater, film, art, and festivals in Paris, Marseille, and Rouen, this book analyses approaches to antifascism and how they varied and interacted across different regions and left-wing traditions.

By combining revolutionary, republican, and working-class heritage, antifascists aimed to foster unifying identities to mobilize the French people. Simultaneously, the distinct outlooks of Communists, Radicals, and Socialists, in addition to the different visions among national figures in Paris and local activists, produced divergent understandings of antifascist culture, ultimately weakening the coalition. This study explains the political, social, and cultural context of the 1930s that generated these movements to break down barriers between ordinary citizens and French culture. It also explores how antifascists constructed the "French people," an ambiguous concept that carried both social and civic connotations.

Aimed at a scholarly audience, this volume engages with historians of modern France and the interwar period in Europe and will interest researchers in antifascist and fascist studies, as well as the fields of cultural politics, republicanism, communism, socialism, and national and regional identity.

Beyond the Elite focuses on the everyday social history of Jews in medieval northern and central Europe using four interpretive lenses: people, space, objects, and rituals. Contributors to this innovative volume discuss aspects of daily life through which non-elite Jews interacted with their Christian neighbors, while at the same time creating and affirming their own religious, social, and cultural identities. This volume makes possible a multifaceted understanding of different perspectives on Jewish life, demonstrating the extent to which medieval Jews were simultaneously integral to majority-Christian communities and also strangers within them.

Based on scholarship conducted during a multiyear, team-conducted research project, Beyond the Elite addresses topics such as orphanhood, social exclusion, travel by river, local power struggles, architectural styles, pawnbroking, wedding customs, and religious rituals. More broadly, in detailing the rhythms of daily life during times of relative calm for Jewish communities, it becomes clear that anti-Jewish persecution and violence from the late thirteenth century was both manifested within and a rupture of existing social orders.

Contributors: Tzafrir Barzilay, Elisheva Baumgarten, Neta Bodner, Nureet Dermer, Aviya Doron, Albert Evan Kohn, Miri Fenton, Annika Funke, Ariella Lehmann, Andreas Lehnertz, Eyal Levinson, Ido Noy, Erez Rochman, Miri Rubin, Hannah Teddy Schachter, Amit Shafran.

More than two hundred and fifty years after the revolution began, Fire and Freedom invites readers to rediscover America's journey to independence. Showcasing New York's central role in the revolution, Fire and Freedom highlights the stories of people and events previously hidden from popular view, unveiling a new vision of this famous narrative.

Many of the revolution's key moments can be traced to New York: city crowds rioted against colonial taxation and George Washington spent one-third of the war in and around the soon-to-be "Empire State." Beyond these well-known players and moments, however, lies a trove of new information on New York's hidden revolutionary stories.

With a foreword by acclaimed historian Russell Shorto and seven fascinating chapters on a range of subjects, we see that events off the battlefield-a strategic retreat, a destructive fire, and displays of independence-were just as meaningful as the fighting itself. State power and politics redefined conceptions of loyalty and allegiance. The resistance and agency of Indigenous and enslaved populations shaped New York's postwar era.

These diverse stories are tied together by the defining war, but they stretch far beyond its confines and even further beyond our common understandings. By providing a more comprehensive look into New York's influence on the era, the contributors to this book expand and evolve the meaning and significance of the revolution. Exciting and insightful, Fire and Freedom is a must-read addition to the great revolutionary saga.

The Great Repair explores how Jews and Germans began reparations discussions fewer than seven years after the Holocaust - a momentous achievement relegated to the margins of Holocaust scholarship and memory - and the complexities that emerged from the resulting settlement.

Gideon Reuveni illuminates the swift transition and extraordinary chapter in postwar history from the horrors of the Holocaust to a negotiating table where Germans and Jews discussed reparations. Both sides faced the monumental challenge of addressing the injustices of National Socialism through complex deliberations on compensation for collective and individual losses, restitution of property, support for survivors, and formal acknowledgment of Nazi crimes. These negotiations marked a crucial step toward acknowledging historical responsibility and pursuing meaningful redress.

The Great Repair reveals the events, actors, and decisions that led to the signing of the agreement on September 10, 1952, by West Germany, Israel, and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany. Ultimately, the enactment of this settlement set a global precedent that genocide cannot go unpunished and moral debts must be paid. It was a historic undertaking of immense scope - unmatched in the history of international relations, just as the extermination of the Jewish people was unprecedented in human history.

Multilingualism and Wellbeing is an innovative text that combines sociolinguistic, psychological, and philosophical approaches to explore multilingualism as a source of wellbeing. It challenges the 'monolingual bias' and the common assumption that multilingualism is solely driven by utilitarian, formal, or identity-based motivations.

Across nineteen carefully edited chapters, contributors illustrate the enduring vitality of multilingualism across the globe through personal and empirical accounts, investigating diverse motivations behind its persistence. Authors present compelling evidence for multilingualism's positive impact on a person's sense of mental, social, and cultural wellbeing. With a distinctive global reach, this volume showcases multilingual experiences from regions including West Africa, the Netherlands, Georgia, Japan, and Indonesia, while also examining governmental policies that promote multilingualism - despite the practical challenges involved - offering a nuanced and balanced perspective.

This ground-breaking work is essential reading for advanced students and researchers in multilingualism, language acquisition, language learning, and applied linguistics, as well as for those in related fields of sociology, psychology, and philosophy.