This book is a comprehensive analysis of the many visions of nationalism and nationalist leadership that emerged during India's struggle for independence. The volume examines key nationalist thinkers such as Aurobindo, Gandhi, Tagore, Nazrul, Savarkar, and Ambedkar. It delineates different strands of nationalism in the post-moderate phase of nationalist movement and discusses political emancipation, social emancipation, and ethnic emancipation.

Accessibly written for students with a helpful overview of how nationalist thought emerged in India, this book will be of great interest to students of South Asian history and politics. It will also be helpful for civil service aspirants.

European states have embarked on the long road to rebuilding their defence capabilities. After decades of underinvestment in the armed forces and the defence-industrial base, the challenges are significant. However, since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, NATO countries have committed to ambitious readiness and war-fighting plans.

Against this background, this IISS Strategic Dossier evaluates key areas for building defence capabilities in Europe, including recent developments in the transatlantic defence ecosystem, defence spending, defence-industrial production capacity, building more resilient forces and improving supply-chain security. Europe's ability to meet its NATO commitments will depend on the degree to which it manages to address these important issues.

The analysis covers the trend of increased defence spending by most European NATO members and the growth in defence production capacity in important capability areas. It also provides insights into the ways in which various European countries have sought to address their recruitment and retention challenges.

The volume discusses other ongoing challenges, including uncertainty over the long-term affordability, sustainability and effectiveness of increased defence spending in Europe. In addition, the dossier highlights the requirement for long-term government investment, as well as firm demand signals, in order to sustain increased defence production.

This IISS Strategic Dossier was produced in the context of the IISS Prague Defence Summit (PDS) 2024, which has been supported by the government of the Czech Republic.

This book takes up the challenge of studying the wide gamut of lived reality of the Indian queer, against the backdrop of a set of theories. Written by a man who has been openly gay for the last 40 years, it dissects issues, concepts, and theories within the realm of queer studies against the day-to-day experiences of Indian queers. Drawing from personal and shared experiences, it highlights the sites of transgression within a seemingly monosexual society and analyses the aspects of the struggle of being queer in a repressive environment.

This book comprises of three fundamental aspects of queerness relevant to us in India today-theory, culture, and politics, which has been primarily analysed through literature and film. The literature here includes references to the author's own work as a practicing writer, as well as to that of other contemporary writers. It is an attempt to delink alternative sexuality from gender and establish it as an autonomous category.

This book would be useful to the students, researchers and teachers of women and gender studies, sociology, history, economics, political science, and other interdisciplinary courses in social sciences. It will also be valuable reading for those interested in South Asian studies, especially post-colonial contemporary Indian society.

This book examines motherhood and childlessness within the context of the emergence of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Bangladesh. It studies the development of IVF procedures through a socio-economic and historical lens. The author delves into policy issues, the media representations of IVF, IVF advertisements, and looks at IVF clinics as sites for commercializing the hope of childless people. The book addresses the lack of regulation surrounding IVF procedures. It brings to the fore the dynamics of reproductive restraint and choice, as well as patterns of gender empowerment and control, which are at play within the norms, practices, and dynamics of Bangladeshi identities.

Rich in ethnographic case studies, this book will be indispensable for scholars and researchers of public health, women's health, gender studies, women's studies, science and technology studies, sociology, medical anthropology, public policy, and South Asian studies.

The Routledge Handbook of Autocratization in Southeast Asia examines how global and domestic forces of autocratization affect regional and local politics. It analyzes how the interactions of international and domestic factors affect actors and institutions in both democracies and autocracies in the region.

Bringing together a representative slate of both local and international, junior and senior scholars of different methodological backgrounds, this Handbook cross-examines regional trends and provides an insider view of the causes and effects of autocratization in a region with diverse experiences with de-colonization, state-building, and economic and political developments. The 28 chapters are organized into three sections. Part I examines a range of structural, international, socio-political, technological, and ideological causal factors of autocratization. Part II offers a comparative analysis of the consequences of autocratization on key actors and democratic institutions. Part III provides a more detailed study of autocratic consolidation and pushback in each country in Southeast Asia. Taking into account structural-historical, institutional, and cultural factors, the contributors analyze how domestic actors and democratic institutions withstand the global forces of autocratization.

This Handbook fills empirical gaps in the current scholarship by focusing on all nation-states in the Association of Southeast Asia Nations and Timor-Leste, varied regime types with diverse socio-religious backgrounds. It is the first authoritative reference work dedicated to Southeast Asia's autocratization and will be an indispensable reference work for academics and policymakers interested in democracy and autocracy, regime transition, and Southeast Asian politics.

This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the complex drivers of violent extremism, along with recommendations for strengthening social and institutional resilience through peacebuilding and development efforts.

By presenting a theoretical and empirical argument that places the emphasis on social cohesion, resilience, and adaptive peacebuilding, this book challenges the conventional security-led approach to countering violent extremism. Through a range of case studies from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, including Syria, Iraq, Mozambique, Niger, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines, it explores the complex dynamics of violent extremism and the ways in which it can be prevented and countered. Drawing on complexity theory and adaptive peacebuilding, the volume provides insights into how complex social systems adapt and respond to stress, and how peacebuilders can support societies in uncertain, volatile, and unpredictable contexts by improving their resilience and their adaptive capacity to sustain peace.

This book will be of much interest to students of peacebuilding, security studies and countering violent extremism, and professional practitioners.

The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This groundbreaking study examines the cultural manifestations of envy in China during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, a period of unprecedented economic and social change.

China's rapid accumulation of wealth - particularly its uneven distribution, which created overnight millionaires alongside those left behind - provides anthropologists with a unique opportunity to test theories of envy as a fundamental human emotion. Unlike traditional societies, where established cultural mechanisms such as witchcraft, sorcery or the 'evil eye' help to manage envy, China offers a unique case study. Based on extensive fieldwork in northern Chinese villages between 2006 and 2008, the author explores how sudden mining wealth has triggered various envy-related discourses and practices and reveals how these wealth disparities have reshaped social dynamics and moral landscapes. The study examines cultural expressions of envy, public discourses of malicious envy, the everyday contexts that shape envy and its social impact, the moral codes that govern the envied and their defensive strategies, and how families understand the ethics of success and failure. Through this lens, she illuminates a local moral world amidst one of humanity's most profound social transformations.

This book will be an essential reference for anthropologists, sociologists, scholars and students of contemporary Chinese society, ethnography and the anthropology of emotions.

This book examines the lived experiences of a group of Japanese women through their thirties, revealing the dynamic of human agency responding to the social changes of Japan's 'lost decades'.

Exploring how these working-class women made choices and acted on them in pursuit of happiness through their thirties, the book highlights how, in so doing, they charted their various life course trajectories. Adopting a longitudinal ethnography approach, it tells the story of 18 Kobe women in real time based on their narratives at different points in time since 1989, when they were in high school. In this process, intra-class differentiation gradually emerged amongst the nontertiary-educated women with similar family backgrounds. The women maintained multiple identities based on their social roles in expanding human relationships (as mother, wife, daughter-in-law and singlehood) and gradually shifted in relative weight across these identities as they navigated their thirties.

Demonstrating the collective potential of Japanese women to resist the dominant institutional practices and social norms, this book will appeal to students and scholars of gender studies and Japanese studies, particularly Japanese culture and society.

Cultural Policies in the Era of the Korean Wave explores how the state instrumentalises cultural industries, despite the bulk of their production and delivery mechanisms becoming subject to the market logic and foreign stakeholders, through an in-depth study of the South Korean government's cultural industry policies.

Drawing on interviews with policymakers and producers in the Korean film, music, and television industries, it investigates how the government's policy schemes-ranging from funding programmes and public agencies established to promote cultural industries to the blacklisting of those opposing the administration's political agendas-demonstrate the government's strong desire to influence cultural production. The findings highlight how the state retains political power to instrumentalise cultural products, even as market forces shape production mechanisms and genre characteristics that have become increasingly transnational.

This book sheds new light on how the state approves and reappropriates the doctrines of neoliberal globalisation to serve its interests in instrumentalising culture, making it relevant for scholars and students in the areas of media and cultural policy, media and cultural industries, global media, and Asian studies.

This book explores the inheritance of trauma, distress, and healing from one generation of survivors of the 1984 anti-Sikh violence to the next. It looks at this dyadic relationship and the post-violence context that is marked by their experience of injustice.

The book highlights the psycho-social impacts of violence on survivors and their families' everyday struggles against conditions of injustice, marginalization, deprivation, stigma, and threat to one's individual and collective identity. Through interviews and ethnographic explorations, it analyses the lived experiences of survivors, understanding the everyday struggles of suffering and healing and their relationship with their families and the next generation.

This book will be of interest to students, teachers, and researchers of psychology, trauma studies, clinical psychology, health psychology, qualitative research, and social psychology. It will also be useful for those interested in interdisciplinary perspectives on mental health, trauma and disaster mental health, ethnography, and qualitative research methodology.

The Psychology of Attack Politics explores the use of political attacks in election campaigns, and the way in which their, often deliberate, use impacts voters and has wide reaching societal consequences.

With most elections being fraught with tension, disrespectful treatment of political opponents, and political incivility, this timely book aims to disentangle the dynamics of how attack politics is perceived (e.g., whether citizens perceive a negative message to be, indeed, negative) and evaluated (i.e., whether citizens like or dislike attack politics). The book also looks at the effects of attack politics, for instance, whether exposure to negative or uncivil messages alters attitudes and behaviors, such as turnout, affective polarization, and support for political violence. The authors provide a systematic conceptualization of attack politics, made up of negativity, incivility, and intolerance. Focusing on cutting- edge research in political psychology, political communication, and electoral behavior, the authors make the central argument that to understand the effects of different forms of attack politics, there should be a strong focus on individual differences in message perception and evaluation.

Exploring what ultimately drives the effects of negative, uncivil, and intolerant rhetoric, and analyzing the phenomena at the center of current scientific and public discourse, this is a fascinating reading for academics and students in psychology, political science, sociology, and communication, as well as anyone interested in political campaigning and elections.

This volume presents an interdisciplinary and international revaluation of urban Marxisms.

Bringing together the main critical Marxist perspectives from around the world on contemporary urban studies, it engages with a range of issues connected to the "urban question," such as urban sprawl, housing, and increasing rates of urbanization across the globe. With attention to the manner in which the three axes of class, gender, and race play a fundamental role in contemporary social phenomena, it interweaves different issues that are inextricably linked in matters of urban inequality. The book bridges a significant gap between urban studies and Marxists theories by reviving Marx and Engels' ideas in the context of analyzing urban studies in the twenty-first century. The objective is to bring together diverse perspectives and directions of the ongoing debate on the "urban question." Although there are multiple Marxisms and theoretical currents inspired by Marxism that seek to understand the urban and spatial transformations of today, there has been a lack of comprehensive scholarship that systematically brings them together to frame this debate. The goal is to unite the main critical Marxist perspectives on contemporary urban studies.

Reimagining Urban Marxisms will therefore appeal to scholars across disciplines with interests in Marxist analyses of contemporary urban and spatial transformations, and the phenomenon of planetary urbanization.

This topical book explores the phenomenon of when and why people protest. Based on social and political psychology, the book takes a comparative approach across and within cultures and examines how human motivation and political and cultural contexts affect protests.

Showcasing state-of-the-art chapters from a new generation of social protest researchers, the book offers an overview of research into contemporary social change over the last decade. It draws on interdisciplinary research from social and political psychology across and within cultures to increase the scope of the phenomenon of social protest. The chapters feature different international examples and discuss diverse manifestations of social protest. Each chapter explicitly connects key insights to the practice and real-life relevance of social protest.

The book offers a unique perspective of the when and why of social protest, and will be essential reading for students and academics in the fields of social psychology, political psychology, politics, and sociology, as well as anyone in behavioural and social sciences interested in social movements, social protest, and social change.

Charting the life and writings of Wladyslaw Bienkowski, a leading politician and writer in communist Poland and sometime right-hand man and ideologue of the Polish leader Wladyslaw Gomulka, this book outlines the shifts in the nature of communism in Poland throughout the period of communist rule.

It considers the shaping of Bienkowski's ideas in eastern Poland, later occupied by the Soviet Union, during the economic depression, the development of his great hopes for socialist socio-economic transformation as the right way forward, and his attempts as Gomulka's aide to enact "people's democracy" and "socialist humanism" in the period 1945 to 1948, attempts which failed, Stalinist repression coming to the fore instead. This book further discusses Bienkowski's role as a minister in the period following Stalin's death, when Bienkowski was a leading "revisionist", warning of the dangers of the "petrification of the system", and explains how with a sense of shattered hopes he resigned from power and became a dissident, publicly critical of the regime. This book concludes by examining Bienkowski's writings in late communist times when, now just an observer, he continued to reflect on and write about the future of socialism. Overall, the book demonstrates to what extent communism in Eastern Europe was flexible and adaptable and not rigidly monolithic as it is often portrayed.

The book will be of interest to academics and scholars interested in the history of communism and Europe.

Despite China's alignment with Russia being one of the most significant factors shaping the international order, the dynamics of their historic relationships and, more importantly, the sources of China's alignment policy remain underexplored. In this book, National Role Conception and Neoclassical Realism, a synthetic exploration into the Sino-Soviet alignment, Guangyi Pan investigates this question by analysing the changes in China's national role conception from a cross-level perspective.

Adding value to existing scholarly works on China's decision-making logic, he examines two critical and dramatic moments in the history of Beijing's alignment policy towards Moscow: the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s and the normalisation in the 1980s. Based on massive historic documents and archives, he argues that the evolution of Beijing's approach to aligning with Moscow results from its changing perception of China's role in the world platform, especially its role relationship with the Soviet Union. The fundamental logic lies in how China positions itself, with the Soviet Union long serving as a mirror reflecting Beijing's desired roles during pivotal transformations. By developing a more rigorous and coherent framework to analyse role conceptions, Guangyi Pan explores unit-level factors - including leader images, elite cohesion and political culture - alongside the impact of systemic stimuli. This approach constructs the complex process of role formation, evolution, performance and policy outcomes, offering a comprehensive understanding of China's alignment with Russia throughout modern history.

Aimed primarily at scholars whose research fields include international relations theory, the Cold War history and politics of China, National Role Conception and Neoclassical Realism may also be of interest to foreign policymakers, students and political history enthusiasts.

This book explores the concept of conformity pressure or docho atsuryoku (????) in Japanese society and unveil its effects on law, politics and business, and vice versa.

Conformity pressure is explored from a unique perspective, expanding on traditional psychological analyses by highlighting how conformity pressure acts as a force which interacts not only with psychological dynamics but also with formal and informal economic, legal and political influences. This book also demonstrates how conformity pressure can be comprehended as a societal force identifiable through socio-political analysis, in addition to traditional psychological analyses. Through such examinations, it reveals conformity pressure as not merely a by-product of Japanese cultural uniqueness but also as an integral component of socio-political dynamics crucial to understanding the essence of Japanese politics, law and society.

Employing an interdisciplinary approach and incorporating aspects of economic, political, sociological and psychological analysis, this book will be a valuable resource to students and scholars of politics and sociology, particularly Japanese, as well as social and political psychology.

This book examines how the thinking towards international relations of political leaders, researchers, the media and the public is fundamentally metaphorical in nature: the abstract and far away constantly made concrete and familiar through the imaginative rationality of metaphors. It delves into ten competing structural metaphors: international relations as natural selection, as family dynamics, as balancing operations, as building and constructing, as games and play, as business and trade, as journeys and paths, as musical performances, as health or sickness and as puzzles and riddles. Drawing attention to the important role of metaphors in grasping this field and providing explanations for its events and motives for its actors, this study will appeal to scholars and students of International Relations and World Politics. For experts on metaphor theory or cognitive linguistics, this book will offer practical examples and speculate on the concrete consequences of adopting different metaphorical schemes.

This book delves into questions of whether the European Commission is effectively regulating large corporations in Europe, and the public perceptions of the legitimacy of its decisions, by examining state aid cases and when and how actors choose to politicise or depoliticise them.

The book analyses how these corporations get away with certain anti-competitive behaviours and whether the European Commission is achieving something positive with its state aid cases in this regard. It also asks whether the role of the European Commission in regulating anti-competitive behaviour is perceived as legitimate by different political actors in the media. By uncovering how politicisation and depoliticisation can both positively and negatively shape the EU's legitimacy, this book brings clarity to debates about the evolving role of the European Commission in an era of increased political contestation.

This book is of key interest to scholars and students of European Union politics/policy, European politics, comparative politics, public policy, political communication, global business law and regulation, sociology, public policy and law, and International Political Economy.

This book explores the origins of complex political organisation in Inner Asia, which enabled mighty empires, proto-state entities and confederacies such as the Cimmerians, Scythians and the Xiongnu Huns to emerge and dominate large swathes of the Eurasian continent during antiquity.

The volume provides readers with an in-depth understanding of the origins and development of the quasi-feudal system of political organisation, which prevailed in Inner Asia during antiquity, how this supported the formation of imperial polities in the steppe zone, and the impact the expansion of these polities had on the politics, history and culture of both ancient Inner Asia and also China, the Middle East and Europe. It examines the historical and archaeological evidence for the Cimmerians and Scythians and their geopolitical impact on western Eurasia, exploring whether the complex political organisation in Inner Asia - which we see later among the Xiongnu and the Huns - originated with them or had even earlier antecedents.

The Origins of Complex Political Organisation in Ancient Inner Asia is suitable for students and scholars of Near Eastern history and archaeology, the history and archaeology of Central and Inner Asia, and classical antiquity.

A groundbreaking exploration of justice, democracy and Islamophobia, inviting us to reconsider our assumptions and build a more equitable future.

Change has run amok! Technology advances by the minute, and much of what we think we know about the world fades in front of our eyes. How we are, how we know, how we live our daily lives-all shifting quicker than we can cope with.

Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysia's tenth Prime Minister, asks how we might rethink ourselves for these confusing, uncertain and volatile times, and shape fairer, more sustainable futures. Anwar's passion is rooted in experience: he spent, in total, over a decade behind bars after three separate miscarriages of justice, from his days as a student activist to his time as Leader of the Opposition.

Alongside reflections on his time in prison are critical investigations into truth, justice, post-colonialism, Islamophobia, democracy and global order. Anwar assembles ideas from East and West, North and South, to explore how we can create a new inclusive synthesis for a good society and world. Vividly expressed, expertly dissected, this is a timely book for our turbulent age.