Written to help international students write essays and reports for their English-language university courses, this key title covers the essentials needed to achieve academic writing success. An easy-to-follow course that builds writing confidence and can be used both in the classroom and for self-study, this second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to contain relevant examples, explanations and exercises.

Split into two key areas, the first part explains and demonstrates every stage of essay writing, from choosing the best sources, reading and note-making, through to referencing and proofreading. The second part explores key areas such as academic vocabulary and punctuation and is organised alphabetically for easy reference. A progress check at the end of each part allows students to assess their learning. All units are fully cross-referenced, and a complete set of answers to the practice exercises is included. There is also additional online support material available including a full set of teaching notes, more challenging exercises, revision material and links to other sources as well as interactive quizzes and videos to help develop knowledge. Additional features of the book include:

• Use of authentic academic texts from a wide range of disciplines
• Designed for self-study as well as classroom use
• Useful at both undergraduate and postgraduate level
• Fully updated, with sections on using electronic sources

All international students wanting to maximise their academic potential will find this practical, concise and easy-to-use book an invaluable guide to writing in English for their degree courses.

Moving from a social movement perspective, this timely volume examines narratives on Euroscepticism and frames on Europe from below, at the party and social movement levels. Revealing perspectives from both the Right and the Left, it unpacks the emergence, re-emergence and increase in critical 'voices' and opposition towards Europe.

Based on extensive fieldwork in two candidate countries for accession to the EU and three member states, it offers insight from analysis of focus groups, interviews with Eurosceptic and pro-European political actors and ordinary citizens, together with frame analysis and scrutiny of archival material, electoral manifestoes and organisational documents. Revealing the development of Eurocritical frames, it demonstrates the differences and similarities in narratives used to address Europe and the conceptualisation of Euroscepticism. Key cases examined include the rise of illiberalism in post-transition Slovenia; complex Euroscepticism in Poland; the path from strong support to harsh opposition in Italy; indecision over membership in North Macedonia; anticipating the future while revisiting the past in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Offering guidelines for the direction of future research and policy, European Narratives and Euroscepticism in the Western Balkans and the EU is essential reading for scholars and students of political sociology, political science, European studies and international relations, as well as policy makers concerned with trajectories pro and against Europe and the European integration process.

The Global Governance Forum and the Global Challenges Foundation collaborate in this collection in their concern that the UN Charter and the contemporary infrastructure for international cooperation are no longer fit for purpose and lack the instruments, resources and legitimacy to address the catastrophic risks threatening our future.

Twenty-eight contributors offer thoughtful proposals for reforming existing international institutions and creating new ones to build a more peaceful, prosperous and just world, covering themes such as the management of weapons of mass destruction, collective security arrangements, justice and equity in economics, human rights, migration and refugees, climate mitigation, and food security, all bearing on the health of both people and planet.

The vital project of this century is building institutions that will underpin global governance in coming decades, requiring imagination, persistence, empathy, and confidence that we will find a path to enhanced mechanisms of binding international law and the resources to make that happen. The volume is essential reading for scholars and researchers on international politics and public policy and indispensable for diplomats and government agencies.

Chronicling and analyzing resistance to the threat that autocracy poses to American liberal democracy, this book provides the definitive account of the rise of Trump's populist support in 2016, and his failed efforts to nullify the result of the 2020 election.

This book is about the threat of autocracy, which antedated Donald Trump and will persist after he leaves the stage. Autocracy negates both liberalism-which includes the protection of fundamental rights, the rule of law, separation of powers, and respect for specialist expertise-and democracy-which requires that the state be responsible to an electorate composed of all eligible voters-by concentrating unconstrained power in a single individual. Anticipating defeat in the 2016 election, Trump attacked suggestions that he had sought, or even benefited from, Russian assistance despite the evidence, and he made repeated claims of election fraud. In 2020, fearful that his mishandling of the pandemic had alienated voters, he intensified the allegations of fraud, demanding recounts, pressuring state legislatures and state election officials, advancing bizarre conspiracy theories, and finally, calling for a massive demonstration, urging protesters to march to the Capitol to pressure Congress, promising to accompany them. But as this book documents, Trump's efforts to nullify the result of the 2020 election failed. As the courts rejected his numerous challenges, state election officials loyally performed their statutory duties, the Justice Department found no evidence of fraud, and politicians from all sides certified Biden's victory, this book traces the many, and varied, forms of the defense of liberal democracy located within both the state and civil society, including law (judges, government lawyers, and private practitioners), the media, NGOs, science (and other forms of expertise), and civil servants (in federal, state, and local government). Evaluating their efficacy, the book maintains, is vital if-as history has repeatedly taught us-the price of liberal democracy, like that of liberty itself, is eternal vigilance.

This definitive account and analysis of Trumpism and the resistance to it will appeal to scholars, students, and others with interests in politics, populism, and the rule of law and, more specifically, to those concerned with resisting the threat that autocracy poses to liberal democracy.

This book provides an insightful analysis and holistic account of the process of the formation of de facto states in the post-Soviet area. Looking beyond the stereotype of mere puppet subjects, the author explores the contemporary operation of separatist regions in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Donbas to understand the motives and mechanisms for their emergence and their instrumentalization in the politics of great powers. Using policy documents, quantitative data, and political statements, she explores the historical origins of the area and its operation during the Soviet era, armed separatist conflicts and their implications, and the actions of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the role of powers such as the Russian Federation and the US. The research contributes to the debate on the significance of de facto states for regional security and their potential for national identity building. It will be of interest to scholars and students of Russia and the Post-Soviet Area in International Relations and Nation-Building.

This book examines how contemporary militant democracies persist in the face of authoritarian abuses occurring during times of crisis. Focusing on founding members of the European Union, it explores how these democracies implemented anti-democratic measures without compromising their political rights and civil liberty ratings.

By expanding the conceptual framework and theory of neo- and quasi-militant democracies through case studies and comparative analysis, the volume offers new insights into factors contributing to democratic endurance. Respective authors shift scholarly attention toward the epistemic construction of anti-democratic restrictions, arguing that epistemic fairness in defining anti-democratic threats plays a crucial role in preventing the erosion of democracy and, in doing so, enriches our understanding of legal definitions of enemies of democracy and their impact on the stability of political regimes. Investigating restrictions that target old and contemporary threats enhances our understanding of how Inner Six democracies survive under attack from populists seeking to expand their ruling competencies after the 2008 economic crisis, the 2015 European refugee crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russo-Ukrainian War.

This book is of key interest to scholars and students of European and Comparative Politics, Democratic Resilience and Backsliding, Legitimacy, Democracy and Dictatorship, Public Comparative Constitutional Law, Human Rights Law, Philosophy of Law, and Political Philosophy and Theory.

Public administration education programs prepare students in the provision of important public and nonprofit services, so it is essential that such programs help prepare administrators to advance social equity, one of the pillars of the discipline. This exciting new book from social equity authorities Sean McCandless and Susan T. Gooden demonstrates how public administration faculty can teach social equity across the curriculum, in practical terms.

This edited collection features chapters from authors experienced in both public administration and in teaching social equity. Each chapter discusses teaching social equity in a particular class (Introduction to Public Administration, Organizational Dynamics and Theory, Human Resources, Policy Process, Research Methods, Capstones, and more) through distinct pedagogical practices that advance student learning (including case studies, community engagement projects, and simulations). The text captures an array of instructional approaches to social equity within public affairs education, particularly at the graduate level. It includes approaches from both established and newer instructors, across a diversity of universities. The book serves as an important resource to faculty who teach these courses, as well as the students who take them. Most importantly, it is a resource to academics and practitioners alike who share a commitment to fairness in the implementation of public services.

Social media has fundamentally transformed political life, driving a surge in far-right extremism. In recent years, radical anti-democratic ideologies have entered into the political mainstream, fueled by energy from extreme online environments. But why do far-right extremist movements seem to thrive so well on social media platforms? What takes place within the fringe online spaces that seem to function as incubators for violent extremists? To answer these questions, this book goes inside the "murder capital of the racist Internet", examining 20 years of conversations on Stormfront.org. Using a combination of computational text analysis and close reading, we seek a deeper understanding of the emotional and social effects of being part of an extremist community. We lay the foundation of a new way of understanding online extremism, building on the tradition of Emile Durkheim and Randall Collins. We find that online radicalization is not merely an effect of repeated one-sided arguments, as suggested by metaphors such as "echo chambers". Instead, social media politics can be better understood through Durkheim's concept of rituals: moments of shared attention and emotion that create emotional energy and a sense of intersubjectivity, weaving from participants a political tribe - united, energized, and poised to act.

This book examines deliberative democracy and its practical forms and applications in local government public policy. Author Joanna Podgorska-Rykala explores the topic of democracy, leaning in particular on the origins of its representative variant. Analyzing the elite dimension of the concept of representation, she considers what historical and political events have influenced the contemporary shape of democracy and its understanding. How were democratic ideals shaped, and why are we currently experiencing a democratic recession? Why is the debate that should be integral to the functioning of collegiate bodies disappearing? Why aren't decisions based on evidence, and why don't decision-makers take into account expert opinions and stakeholder positions? Drawing on empirical research - interviews with city-level decision-makers - the author considers whether and how deliberative innovation can support the renewal of decision-making in representative institutions.

Deliberative Democracy, Public Policy, and Local Government will be of enormous interest to doctoral students and researchers as well as to practitioners of local government administration, civic leaders, representatives of nongovernmental organizations, and people interested in public affairs. It can also be used as an important supplement in courses on public administration, political science, international relations, law, economics, and related studies at both the undergraduate and the graduate level.

Evangelical Writing in a Secular Imaginary addresses the question of how Christian undergraduates engage in academic writing and how best to teach them to participate in academic inquiry and prepare them for civic engagement.

Exploring how the secular both constrains and supports undergraduates' academic writing, the book pays special attention to how it shapes younger evangelicals' social identities, perceptions of academic genres, and rhetorical practices. The author draws on qualitative interviews with evangelical undergraduates at a public university and qualitative document analysis of their writing for college, grounded in scholarship from social theory, writing studies, sociology of religion, rhetorical theory, and social psychology, to describe the multiple ways these evangelicals participate in the secular imaginary that is the public university through their academic writing. The conception of a "secular imaginary" provides an explanatory framework for examining the lived experiences and academic writing of religious students in American institutions of higher education. By examining the power of the secular imaginary on academic writers, this book offers rhetorical educators a more complex vocabulary that makes visible the complex social forces shaping our students' experiences with writing.

This book will be of interest not just to scholars and educators in the area of rhetoric, writing studies and communication but also those working on religious studies, Christian discourse and sociology of religion.

Customer service management is one of the key pillars of today's business environment. Businesses operating in sub-Saharan Africa and other frontier markets have begun to embrace the concept of customer service management, with many incorporating the notion into their mission statements - with many forward-thinking companies transitioning from a transactional to a more strategic view of the customer. As customers have evolved and transformed from "passive audiences" to "active players" businesses are moving away from "the old industry model that sees value as created from goods and services to a new model where value is created by experiences".

Today, businesses and customers create value through customised, co-produced offerings. This co-creation of value helps firms highlight the customer's or consumer's point of view and improve the front-end process of identifying customers' needs. Given the increasing recognition of the customer as a co-creator of value, perceptions of customer service quality during COVID-19 and afterwards matter to businesses in Africa looking to thrive in a new post-COVID era since customers increasingly face several choices in the bid to access consumer products and services.

This book consists of seven chapters beginning with an overview detailing the importance of customer service matters to Africa's development and ending with a discussion of the future directions for enhanced customer service delivery in Africa. Each chapter in this book includes actual customer service and delivery practices from various countries on the African continent, including Egypt, Ghana, and South Africa, and uncovers the challenges, successes, and potential areas for improvement in delivering quality customer service.

This book deconstructs the quintessential Indian woman that the advertising industry portrays across the spectrum by looking at Indian advertisements across multiple brands with a gender lens based on societal and sociological perspectives. It delves into various critical issues like the differences between culture-defined gender roles/expectations and women's portrayal in the ad narrative, and which product category has consistently portrayed women as sex objects.

Drawing insights from a seminal research study and Erving Goffman's classic book 'Gender Advertisements', it traces the journey of three decades, beginning the 1990s - the era of liberalization in India, to map trends and patterns in Indian advertising and presents the perspectives of the creative teams and top managements across Indian and global advertising agencies. It discusses the application of a Gender Sensitivity Barometer (GSB) which the creative teams can use to find out how sensitive or insensitive the ad has been based on pre-determined indicators suggested by the GSB.

This book will be useful to students, researchers and faculty working in the field of management, advertising, mass communication, psychology, gender studies and sociology. It will also be an indispensable companion to professionals from the field of advertising and related areas.

This book engages with different aspects of India's practice of international law. It covers a diverse range of areas such as human rights, humanitarian law, migration, diplomacy, extradition, environment, trade, investment, taxation, cyberspace, data protection, maritime, and intellectual property to showcase India's strong commitment to respect and observe international law.

The volume discusses various themes which include:

• Legal and constitutional framework;
• Air, space, and atomic energy;
• Environment;
• Sea and maritime law;
• Trade, investment, and taxation;
• Conflict of laws;
• IT and data protection;
• Human rights and humanitarian law;
• Issues of refugees and internally displaced persons;
• Extradition and diplomatic immunities;
• Intellectual property;
• International obligations.

The essays in this book also establish the linkage between observance of international law and bilateral and multilateral relations between different countries.

Comprehensive and analytical, this book will be useful for scholars and researchers of law, international law, human rights, and foreign policy. It will also be an invaluable companion for professionals in law firms and think tanks, bureaucrats, and diplomats.

Written by a team of experts from legal, forensic, and policy backgrounds, this book presents new research into sexual violence and harassment across Africa.

This first of it's kind book foregrounds the work of African scholars and presents careful research analysis and case studies that consider sexual harassment from legal, socio-economic, and cultural realities. It highlights the importance of laws around sexual harassment in Africa, the intersectional challenges it poses to women in the workplace, and the role of the feminist movement in Africa to hold perpetrators accountable and give voice to survivors of sexual harassment. The book forms part of a broader African-driven research initiative on sexual harassment and the law and is written in partnership with the Africa End Sexual Harassment Initiative (AESHI). It also explores the need to focus on best-practice benchmarks for Africa and also learning from developments in Africa.

Timely and relevant, the book will be of great interest to legal and policy academic scholars, professionals, and activists working in the fields of gender policy, forensic psychology, and NGOs. It will also be useful reading for postgraduate students of law, gender studies, political science, and African studies.

This book explores how participatory creative production can allow refugees to be recognised in emotional, legal and social ways. It also explains how decisions around participation in these forms of creative production can equally exclude refugee voices from the public sphere, inhibit recognition, and in fact lead to refugee misrecognition.

Building on the concept of 'performative refugeeness', it considers how refugee voices are ambivalently enacted in alternative forms of media and considers the differences between the refugee voices expressed in and beyond them, in contexts surrounding their creation. Furthermore, it analyses the forms of refugee voices expressed in such creative projects, which encompass fiction, photography, video, audio, and/or drawing-in linear, as well as 'messy' and 'interrupted' ways-and assesses how promises of offering a voice might claim to have been fulfilled in such cases.

The volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of migration and refugee studies, media and culture studies, performance studies and communication studies.

Drawing on unpublished archival material, this volume compares Moravian economic practice in three different mission-settings, to demonstrate how Moravian practices evolved during the 18th century as part of a globalizing world and economy. Delivering in-depth analysis of the far-reaching and deep seated effects of missionary activity on indigenous communities and social relations, it explores how different economic contexts had an impact on the missionaries' relations with Indigenous and slave-populations in empire.

Petterson provides an insight how the missionaries worked, lived among various non-European peoples, and how they organised themselves and their surroundings at a time of changing identities and socio economic change. Analysing how missionary practice developed over this period, it also demonstrates how the Moravian leadership's priorities and how this affected attitudes to non-European peoples on the ground. Standing outside of national and imperial boundaries, and ambivalent about the political notion of imperialism as well as colonisation itself, Moravian missionaries nonetheless functioned in parallel with colonial structures, and were part of a broadly culturally colonial mission. So, even on the outskirts of imperial organisation, they were often a crucial part of colonial practice and took part in normalising capitalist relations in many-but not all-settings, as this book demonstrates.

This book addresses two questions: firstly, how has the fight against COVID-19, especially the individual and collective responses of Latin American nation-states, influenced the relationship between power, people, and statebodies? And secondly, has democracy taken a step back and allowed pandemocracy to replace its long-term legitimising function?

Adopting a Global South perspective, the book explores the constitutional, political and institutional measures that paved the way for several aggressive state policies in various Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The contributions provide a detailed review of democratic decay and the 'rule of law' impairment in many countries of the region. The book goes beyond mere observation and explores all the main theoretical elements that can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the political and normative impact of the pandemic.

In terms of constitutional design and concerning the actual behaviour of political bodies, the fairness and efficacy of Latin American state responses during the COVID-19 pandemic did not rely on civic culture, executive goodwill, or boldness on the part of the judges. The aim of this volume, therefore, is to unravel the most subtle elements of a very puzzling situation.

Multidisciplinary perspectives are deployed to explore how democratic standards and goals have been reshaped by nuanced constructions of certain atavistic normative ideas or even by non-constitutional policies. The book sheds light on the underlying connection between politics and law.

This study provides a critical examination of seminal issues within the main areas of criminal justice: its theoretical framework, domestic and comparative criminal justice, transnational and international criminal law.

Exploring some of the most interesting challenges arising in these fields, it examines the impact of 'public morality' on sentencing policy, murder and the mandatory life sentence, genocide and the notion of magnitude and incitement to terrorism. Taking an approach that is fully integrated in contemporary criminal justice scholarship, it offers a diverse and expert perspective. With a comprehensive introduction and conclusion drawing the various strands together, it offers a rigorous, coherent overview of the key issues in play in contemporary international criminal justice. This diversity and expertise ensures its appeal to a large audience of students, scholars and practitioners of criminal justice around the world.

Key performance indicators (KPIs) are widely used across organisations. But are they fully understood in how they can properly shape, improve, or even undermine organisational systems and outcomes? This book presents a framework and tools for measuring and managing performance at various levels within an organisation, and helps managers re-think the ways KPIs can be implemented to meet organisational goals.

Innovative performance measurement and management is a vital function within any organisation irrespective of its size and industry. Measuring and managing performance (whether on an individual, team, or departmental basis) assists management in calibrating their established strategic goals by providing an insight into how well their employees and the organisation are doing and identifying areas of concern for rectification and improvement. This book focuses on the practicality of performance management tools (for example, Performance Analytics; Performance Reporting; Critical Success Factors; Balanced Scorecard; Benchmarking; Six Sigma; Business Excellence Models; Enterprise Risk Management) and illustrates their use, and the changing nature of how organisational performance will be evaluated in the future. This includes the application of Artificial Intelligence as an important trend in performance measurement and management.

This book provides a universal framework for implementing a performance measurement and management system that is applicable to both the private and public sectors. It is particularly relevant to HR and operational managers, and organisational leaders and public administrators at all levels.

Alexander Baumgarten's Ethica Philosophica (1740) served as a chief textbook of philosophical instruction in German universities for several decades, and was used by Immanuel Kant for his lectures on moral philosophy between 1759 and 1794. Now translated into English for the first time, John Hymers explores the extent of Baumgarten's influence on the development of German philosophy.

Accompanied by an introduction to Baumgarten and his work, this translation features an explanation of the main themes of the Ethica Philosophica, touching upon its relation to Christian Wolff and G.F. Meier's practical philosophy, but focusing especially on its role in Kant's lectures. First-time translations of elucidatory passages from the writings of Meier, Wolff, and Heinrich Koehler appear together with the relevant transcriptions of Kant's lectures on ethics.

Based on a thorough knowledge of the original text, Hymers' clear translation and supporting material makes it possible to distinguish Kant's own remarks and insights from his attempts to expound and summarize Baumgarten's ideas. This is a much-needed contribution for anyone working in the history of modern philosophy.

This collection of essays honours Rosemary Auchmuty, Professor of Law at the University of Reading, UK. She has fostered the study of women's academic careers and, more politically, advanced progress on gender and equality issues including same-sex marriage and property law. Her research promotes the case of feminist legal history as a way of revealing the place of women and challenging dominant historical narratives that cast them aside.

Just as Rosemary's work does, the book seeks to end the marginalisation and exclusion of women in the legal world, by including them. The book begins fittingly with a discussion of Miss Bebb, the woman whose biography Auchmuty deployed to push feminist legal history into the mainstream. It turns then to a discussion of women known and unknown and their struggles within the legal profession offering within those chapters a critical appraisal of the role of history and biography as a methodology. From there it moves to consider feminist perspectives and critiques of the dominant structures of private law. This is followed by chapters that explore those who educate the legal profession within the academy. The chapters, and the collection as a whole, examine areas of law that have a deep significance for women's lives.

The Routledge Pocket Guide to Medical Latin is a medical reference tool like no other, providing an easy-to-use, extensive guide to Latin words and phrases commonly used in medical settings.

Offering readers a treasury of nearly 4000 Latin words and phrases, over 900 abbreviations, and numerous tables with dozens of useful Latin terms and interesting quotations drawn from the field of medicine, this volume also encompasses the related fields of pharmacy, botany, dentistry, and the veterinary sciences. This book provides quick and accessible definitions and explanations of Latin words and phrases used in the medical world, as well as a helpful pronunciation guide. In addition, there is a section of miscellaneous entries that comprises useful information, including common Latin prepositions, prefixes, and particles. Included at the end of this book is an extensive English-Latin index.

The Routledge Pocket Guide to Medical Latin is an invaluable reference work for medical and pharmacy students and practitioners, as well as general readers interested in the history of medicine and medical terminology.