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The concept of communicative competence has been rendered as context-abstracted code-bound knowledge for language teaching and assessment. This Element offers a different perspective on 'communication' and 'competence'. Section 1 offers the rationale for this re-orientation. Section 2 examines the conceptual and pedagogic affordances and delimitations of the prevailing approach to communicative competence; Section 3 describes a conceptual re-framing of language use as ecological languaging in terms of embodied, situation-sensitive action through which people coordinate with others, artefacts, and environments; Section 4 explores assessment approaches built on Bayesian principles for tracking learner development and progress by taking account of prior accomplishment, expert opinion, and emerging performance to create probabilistic trajectories; Section 5 focusses on professional developments related to conceptual refinement, curriculum design, teaching materials, and teacher education. Section 6 considers some key future challenges. This Element is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.