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Drawing on long-term fieldwork in Ethiopia, this ethnography examines the circumstances that lead children to enter orphanages and the difficult decisions that result in family separation. Based on research conducted in an Ethiopian orphanage and surrounding communities, it challenges common assumptions about orphanhood by showing that many children living in institutional care had living parents or extended family members and were not, in the conventional sense, orphans. Through the perspectives of birth mothers, fathers, social workers, and caregivers, the chapters further an understanding of how poverty, food insecurity, gender inequality, illness, social stigma, and shifting child welfare policies influence decisions about relinquishment, abandonment, and care. It also explores children's everyday experiences within institutional settings and traces the profound changes that accompanied the rapid expansion and eventual closure of intercountry adoption in Ethiopia. Combining ethnographic observation, interviews, and longitudinal research spanning more than a decade, the analysis reveals the complex realities behind child separation, institutional care, and adoption. Challenging simple narratives of abandonment and rescue, the book demonstrates that parental concern, attachment, and hopes for children's futures often persist long after separation. It will be relevant to scholars and students of anthropology, sociology, psychology, childhood studies, African studies, and international development.