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This volume provides a comprehensive overview of RNA localization in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. In eukaryotic organisms (unicellular, multicellular, animals and plants), the localization and transport of messenger RNA (mRNA) and regulatory small RNAs (sRNA) is a driver of subcellular spatiotemporal complexity and an integral mechanism of cell polarization, polarized cell function, cell fate determination, asymmetric cell division and embryonic patterning. In addition, the localization of organelle-associated RNAs in the vicinity of intracellular organelles is critical for their specific needs and functions. Over the years, it has become clear that despite the absence of a nuclear membrane separating the genetic material from the cytoplasm, prokaryotic organisms can also localize RNA to distinct sites within the cell and use various mechanisms for its trafficking and anchoring. This book covers all aspects of RNA localization, including different types of localized RNAs, their structure, function, mechanisms of intracellular trafficking, anchoring to different compartments, specific intracellular structures for RNA storage and transport, and new methods to study these processes.