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In this study of the Biase, a small ethnic group living in Nigeria's Cross River State, the author attempts to resolve a long-standing controversy among development theorists: must Third World peoples adopt Western attitudes, practices and technologies to improve their standard of living or are indigenous beliefs, technologies and strategies better suited to local conditions? The Biase today face social and economic pressures that seriously strain their ability to cope with the realities of modern Nigeria. Iyam, an anthropologist and a Biase, examines the relationship between culture and development as played out in projects in local communities. Iyam suggests that Western technologies and beliefs alone cannot ensure economic growth and modernization and should not necessarily be imposed on poor rural groups who may not be prepared to incorporate them; neither, however, is it possible to recover indigenous coping strategies given the complexities of the post-colonial world. A successful development strategy, Iyam argues, needs to strengthen local managerial capacity and offers suggestions as to how this can be done in a range of cultural and social settings.