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This collection consists of texts by four authors-Narcyz Lubnicki, Ludwik Fleck, Leon Koj, and Zdzislaw Cackowski-who formed the first two generations of philosophers at the Marie Curie-Sklodowska University. They deal with the problems of human cognitive processes and activities, the structure of everyday and scientific knowledge, including its justification and normativity, extensional and intensional logic, semiotics and pragmatics, as well as the issue of human experience considered from the perspective of ethics and philosophical anthropology. The reader will learn about the history of the initiation and development of the science-oriented, anti-dogmatic, postulative method, and pragmatic directions of philosophical research conducted over half a century.