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An open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence. How did languages relate to one another and to intellectual agendas in a highly multilingual milieu like premodern India? Surrender to God Across Languages explores this question through the intellectual history of self-surrender, a main soteriological doctrine of the Srivaisnavas, a South Indian religious community that worshiped Visnu-Narayana as the Supreme God. Author Manasicha Akepiyapornchai studies six theological treatises from the twelfth to fourteenth centuries composed in Sanskrit and Manipravalam. Each is written by one of five key intellectuals of the community: Vatsya Varadaguru, Periyavaccan Pillai, Meghanadari Suri, Pillai Lokacarya, and Vedantadesika. Akepiyapornchai argues that there was a complex interplay between interlinguistic changes and doctrinal developments, in such a way that it is impossible to fully account for one without the other: languages shaped self-surrender by providing distinctive conditioning factors both scripturally and theologically at each point in time. However, the intellectuals also navigated differently through the multilingual terrain, making choices that responded to their social circumstances and transformed the linguistic spheres in which they operated. Focusing on the Srivaisnavas' self-surrender, this book presents one of the most dynamic moments of premodern Indian multilingual and intellectual history. Drawing on theories of language politics and translation, it also proposes the new theoretical framework of "language sphere" to better capture the linguistic and intellectual interaction from a micro perspective. Despite being formulated with the present case study in mind, this framework has broader implications that can help readers understand multilingual cultures beyond premodern India.