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This edited volume provides a comprehensive overview of the technology-driven innovations that have transformed National and International Large-Scale Assessments over the past decade, along with the research and considerations that have accompanied these changes. It documents the groundwork for ongoing innovations and explores future directions as these assessments continue to evolve. While the impact of technology on education and assessments is difficult to predict, best practices and emerging principles for transitioning from paper-based to digital formats can be described. The volume offers guidelines and examples from experts who have transitioned assessments like PISA, PIAAC, TIMSS, PIRLS, and NAEP into the digital era. It also highlights research on digital-based assessments, showcasing new insights from log file and process data, as well as innovative domains.