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This study illuminates the many faces of Patanjali in Indian traditions. Often regarded as an incarnation of the cosmic serpent Adise?a or Anantanaga, Patanjali is celebrated, in both story and art, as a grammarian, scholar and practitioner of yoga, physician-alchemist, medical authority, teacher, ascetic, and devotee of the Dancing Siva (Na?araja). The first three chapters examine the literary works attributed to Patanjali, explore legendary accounts and beliefs associated with this multifaceted figure, and survey temples and shrines dedicated to the sage. The following five chapters trace the development of Patanjali's iconography from its earliest forms in Tamilnadu, South India, to contemporary examples.