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The Oxford Handbook of Political Obligation offers an authoritative, up-to-date overview of research in this field. In recent decades, scholars have developed strong criticisms of the traditional reasons given to explain political obligations. At present, skepticism about the possibility of a convincing account may well be the dominant position in the literature. These philosophical developments run alongside changed political and social circumstances. In recent years, Western political systems have come under suspicion, with citizens led to question traditional reasons why they should obey them. Additional factors renewing interest in political obligation include the emergence of new democracies in Eastern Europe occasioned by the fall of the Soviet Union and unrest in many American cities, especially over issues of racial justice. This Handbook has two main foci: contemporary philosophical debates about political obligation; and responses to political-social circumstances that raise questions about requirements to obey the law. Traditional theories of obligation are addressed in a series of essays by well-known authorities, while additional essays canvass new approaches, including the possibility of legitimate states without moral requirements to obey them and skeptical conclusions from important theorists. Responses to political and social circumstances include civil disobedience and more radical approaches. In addition, political obligations are addressed as they bear on emerging democracies and unjust and authoritarian regimes.