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The Fate of Nations, published in 1989, identifies and illustrates the basic varieties of security policy, as well as reinterpreting six well-documented historical episodes: Great Britain and the nineteenth-century balance of power system; France between the two world wars; The United States during the Cold War; China from the Communist victory in 1949 to 1976; Israel from the founding of the state in 1948 to the peace treaty with Egypt in 1979; Japan and the international economic order after 1945. Professor Mandelbaum shows that, while no state is wholly restricted by its position in the international system, neither is any entirely free from external constraints. He concludes that in the twentieth-century, national security policies have been more prudent, even when unsuccessful, than they often retrospectively have been judged.