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This book was originally published in 1965. At the time of publication no nation had greater knowledge of, or interest in, the development and exploitation of the Arctic lands than the Soviet Union. The skills acquired through living in remote and cold regions were being put to use in the Antarctic with considerable success. Dr Armstrong, who also made a long study of the Arctic and sub-Arctic region, here follows the Russian advance into the north (beyond the Arctic circle in Europe and latitude 60oN. in Asia) from their first appearance there until 1959. He examines the causes and effects of their settlement and compares the solutions to some of the problems with those made in North America. Dr Armstrong's study was intended not merely for geographers and historians, but also for courses on settlement problems.