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First Published in 1985. When modern sovereign states were first established in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries they did not immediately assume full control over their national economies. The arrangements inherited from the middle-ages survived for some time so that ports, inland commercial centres, provinces and even private persons retained a wide measure of control over the movement of goods from one place to another. This study looks at the rise and development of the great industries of Western Europe through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Common Market of the twentieth century owed much to the pioneer work of nineteenth-century statesmen who attempted in various ways to liberalize European trade.