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In Doubts on Avicenna, Ayman Shihadeh brings to light an important new source, which marks a key moment of transition in twelfth-century Arabic philosophy. Sharaf al-Din al-Mas?udi's al-Maba?ith wa-l-Shukuk ?ala l-Isharat (Investigations and Objections on the Pointers) offers major insight into the dialectic between the two traditions of Avicennan philosophy and rational theology, particularly Ash?arism, which by the end of the century culminates in the systematic philosophical theology of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. Inaugurating the long and distinguished commentarial tradition on Avicenna's Isharat (Pointers), al-Mas?udi's Shukuk uniquely consists of aporias on selected passages, as opposed to exegesis. This monograph provides an overview and the first critical edition of the text, and in-depth case studies of metaphysical aporias and their Avicennan background.