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The 1980s were a watershed in the history of the Shi'a community in Lebanon. From the attacks on Israeli forces in South Lebanon in the aftermath of the 1982 invasion, through the final withdrawal of the multinational force from Beirut in March 1984, the Shi'a have decisively thrust themselves into the international political arena. Majed Halawi explores the origins of this Shi'a movement and its determination to become a major participant in a sharply reformed Lebanese polity. The tale is rooted in Lebanon's history and sociopolitical culture, in the seeds of its civil war, and in the mobilization of the hitherto "marginal" masses. A Lebanon Defied is therefore an analysis of the dynamics of politicization. On the one hand, there is the political leadership of Sayyid Musa al-Sadr, which drew upon Shi'ism as a revolutionary paradigm in order to provoke the transformation of the Shi'a masses into a self-conscious and politically articulate group. On the other hand, there is the experience of modernization that the Shi'a community underwent in nearly three decades of Lebanese independence. The interaction between these two factors is the primary concern of this study. Halawi's critical analysis is informed by the need to produce an account that the Shi'a community itself would consider an adequate representation of its modern experience in Lebanon.