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After a period of relative confidence about the future of modernizing societies, scholars are now questioning with renewed urgency the directions of the modernization trend. This book, the result of nearly a decade of collaborative efforts by scholars in twelve countries, examines the modernization process with particular attention to how it is affected by cultural-and especially socioeconomic-variables. The authors describe major theoretical approaches to the idea of modernity and point to the sociological issues interlinked with modernization. They also consider specific factors such as nationalism, ethnicity, and traditional institutions and show how they can determine differing modernization trajectories. The concluding section of the book focuses on nation- and culture-specific examples of modernization, presenting case studies that illustrate the range of modernization attempts. The authors also explore the extent to which modernization may in fact be a generalization of the American way of life.