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In 1945, Albania was an underdeveloped nation compared to other countries in Europe. So in studying Enver Hoxha's 40 year reign (1945-1985) it is necessary to recognize him as a leader who accomplished many things for Albania while concurrently enmeshing the country in policies that were not only counterproductive but self-destructive. This text studies a wide range of areas pertaining to Hoxha's impact upon Albania's development. James O'Donnell shows that, while it is necessary to give Hoxha a mixed report card, he enabled a small nation with a multitude of limitations to maintain its sovereignty and modernize through unorthodox methods.