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This text provides an examination of cultural debates in Central Asia during Russian rule. With the Russian conquest in the 1860s and 1870s the region came into contact with modernity. The Jadids, influential Muslim intellectuals, sought to safeguard the indigenous Islamic culture by adapting it to the modern state. Through education, literacy, use of the press and by maintaining close ties with Islamic intellectuals from the Ottoman empire to India, the Jadids established a place for their traditions not only within the changing culture of their own land but also within the larger modern Islamic world. The book uses literary sources from Uzbek and Tajik as well as archival materials from Uzbekistan, Russia, Britain and France, to explore Russia's role as a colonial power and the politics of Islamic reform movements. It shows how Jadid efforts paralleled developments elsewhere in the world and at the same time provides a social history of the Jadid movement.