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SOME ADVANTAGES OF CELL-BASED BIOSENSORS: Isolation, purification, and immobilization of enzymes are often very difficult; these can be omitted with cell-based biosensors. Some enzymes can lose their activity during isolation or immobilization; this risk is eliminated by the use of whole cells. Enzymes in the cell's natural environment are usually extremely stable. Multi-step enzyme reactions in intact cells can be used, making it possible to avoid the preparation of complicated artificial multi-enzyme systems. Coenzymes and activators are often present in the cells, and thus, it is not necessary to add them into the system; the cell itself usually cares for their effective regeneration.