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What is the role of the radical left in Europe?? How can regional groups parties and groups contribute to a common European left? ? ? Scholars and activists from 22 countries explore radical left strategies:? ? How best to struggle against chauvinism and right-wing extremism? ? How to respond to economic, financial and migration crises? ? How to combine traditional left interests - social welfare, workers' rights, medical care and education, with new left concerns such as the social inclusion of migrants ? and the protection of the environment? ? How can left parties contend with new bourgeois and green left-of-center parties? ? And importantly, how to forge a European left that transcends national interests, reigning in corporate interests and promoting social, gender and racial emancipation? ? ? This volume reviews the full breadth of discussions around the left project from 2010 to 2020, tracking developments within the left across Europe. The contributors examine specific local backgrounds and review parties and movements, in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Balkans, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and the UK.?