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Reinhard Feldmeier interprets biblical statements on the Spirit of God in the context of ancient religious and intellectual history, thereby revealing its fundamental significance for early Christianity and the ensuing need to “test the spirits”. By holding the critical mirror of biblical testimonies up to the Spirit-forgetfulness of churches in the northern hemisphere and to the overemphasis of some churches in the Global South, his intention is to stimulate further theological reflection. The Holy Spirit is often granted only a minor role in many churches and theologies. Yet in the Global South, where Christianity ? in contrast to Europe and North America ? is constantly expanding, the Spirit plays the lead role in Pentecostal and Neo-Pentecostal denominations, as well as in charismatic renewal movements of the mainline churches. This study by Reinhard Feldmeier engages that tension in the form of a biblical exegesis which interprets the biblical witnesses in the context of the religious and intellectual history of Graeco-Roman Antiquity. Against this background, Feldmeier demonstrates both the fundamental significance of the Holy Spirit in early Christianity and the necessity of “testing the spirits” which it entails. In this way, the author seeks to hold up the critical mirror of the biblical testimonies to the Spirit-forgetfulness of churches in the northern hemisphere and to the overemphasis of some churches in the Global South and thus to provide both with impulses for further theological reflection.