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The book addresses the confidentiality of attorney-client communications as a fair trial right in criminal proceedings, pursuing a comparative approach. In the criminal law context, confidentiality between attorney and client is considered so crucial to the administration of justice that a lawyer’s duty of confidentiality never ends. However, the types of communication that are covered by this privilege vary greatly from country to country, ranging from information concerning the representation of a client other than what is generally known, to more limited approaches, which only cover information on the legal defence in judicial proceedings. With regard to criminal investigations in an increasingly globalised world, where sophisticated tools enable broad digital investigations, there is an urgent need to clarify how this fundamental right is protected at both the national and supranational level. This book explores national regulations and practices in 14 countries. All chapters were written by highly qualified experts in the legal field ? from academia and practice ?, mainly from European countries, but also from Asia and the USA. It identifies possible solutions and best practices, providing valuable insights for practitioners and law-making bodies alike regarding the actual protection (or lack thereof) of the right to lawyer-client confidentiality in the pre-trial and trial stage of criminal proceedings.