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The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), held in Cairo in 1994, adopted a wide-ranging 20-year action plan which called on countries to ensure reproductive health rights for all, in order to promote sustainable development, poverty reduction and human rights. It called for an integrated rights-based approach to policies and programmes, linking population concerns to human development, gender equality, and the needs and rights of individuals, including young people. This report by the United Nations Population Fund examines the progress made so far, in a number of areas including the links between population and poverty, environmental issues, migration and urbanisation, women's empowerment and discrimination against women and girls, reproductive health and family planning, maternal health, HIV/AIDS prevention programmes, the needs of adolescents and people, reproductive health for communities in crisis, and priorities for action. The report finds that progress has been made in national, regional and international policies consistent with the ICPD vision, but that further effort is needed to mobilise the political will and funding by the international community which is crucial to maintain and build on the gains of the past decade.