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Edited by the leading historian of the Republic of Armenia, this is the definitive history of an extraordinary country - from its earliest foundations, through the Crusades, the resistance to Ottoman and Tsarist rule, the collapse of the independent state, its brief reemergence after World War I, its subjugation by the Bolsheviks, and the establishment of the new Republic in 1991. Written by the foremost experts on each period in Armenia's history, this book is a major contribution to understanding the complexities of Transcaucasia. Armenia fell under foreign domination in the Middle Ages. This volume presents the differing Armenian experiences under Turkic, Persian, and Russian rule. The intellectual revival and role of diasporan communities in the articulation of programs for reform and emancipation are explored. In the twentieth century, the Armenian people fell victim to genocide in the Ottoman Empire, failed in their attempt to establish an independent republic after World War I, continued their national existence in Soviet Armenia for seven decades, and emerged once more into separate statehood in the final decade. Armenian history is in many ways the history of survival.