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How does a democratic government conscript citizens, turn them into soldiers who can fight effectively against a highly-trained enemy, and then somehow reward these troops for their service? In this account, Jennifer D. Keene argues that the doughboy experience in 1917-18 forged the US Army of the 20th century and ultimately led to the most sweeping piece of social-welfare legislation in the nation's history - the G.I. Bill. Keene shows how citizen-soldiers established standards of discipline that the army in a sense had to adopt. Even after these troops had returned to civilian life, lessons learned by the army during its first experience with a mass conscripted force continued to influence the military as an institution. Moreover, the experience of going into uniform and fighting abroad politicized citizen-soldiers in ways that Keene asks us to ponder. She argues that the country and the conscripts - in their view - entered into a certain social compact, one that assured veterans that the federal government owed conscripted soldiers of the 20th century debts far in excess of the pensions the Grand Army of the Republic had claimed in the late-19th century.