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At the height of the Cold War, Stalin's strategy for winning the arms race was to create 66 centres of research and development excellence in the USSR. These "naukograds" made a significant contribution to Soviet innovations in military technology, from "sputniks" to thermonuclear warheads with extreme yield. After the breakup of the USSR, some 3,000,000 people still live in these secret cities. This text provides a history of the "naukograds" and then focuses on the situation in post-communist Russia. It discusses the efforts of Western governments and institutions to reduce plutonium and uranium stocks, and presents the perceptions of Russians still living in 12 of the cities.