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This work examines the history of urban planning and administration during modern China's first age of city-centred politics, focusing on the new policies of the late Qing and the city administration movement of the 1930s. Between 1895 and 1937, the management of cities emerged as one of the chief challenges for the Chinese state. Through a detailed case study, based on newly available archival sources, of the process of urban reform in Chengdu, a key provincial capital in the interior, the author shows how urban reformers permanently changed urban administration, the urban landscape, and urban life by promoting a new type of orderly and productive community in population centres despite the many upheavals of the late Qing and republican eras.