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Though famine has affected many parts of the world in the 20th century, the conditions that produce famine - extreme poverty, armed conflict, economic and political turmoil, and climate shocks - are now most prevalent in Africa. Researchers now differ on how to address this problem effectively, but their arguments are often not informed by empirical analysis from a famine context. Broadening current theories and models of development for conquering famine, this work grounds its findings in long-term empirical research, especially on the impact of famine on households and markets. The authors present the results of field work and other research from numerous parts of Africa, with a particular focus on Botswana, Ethiopia, Niger, Rwanda, Sudan and Zimbabwe. With these data, the authors explain the factors that cause famines and assess efforts to mitigate and prevent them.