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This work investigates two major political transformations in the modern history of Iran - the constitutional revolution of 1905-1909, and the Islamic revolution of 1976-1979 and their relation to the modernization of Iran this century. This study addresses a core question - why the clergy did not take political power in the constitutional revolution when Iran was a traditional society and the clergy played a leadership role in the revolution, but they succeeded in a much more modern Iran of 1979.